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chemistry > fuels and earth science > Flashcards

fuels and earth science Flashcards

1
Q

examples of non renewable resources

A

fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas

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2
Q

what is crude oil separated into

A

different hydrocarbon fractions

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3
Q

facts about crude oil

A
  1. main source of hydrocarbons
  2. used as a raw material
  3. formed underground over millions of years
  4. complex mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons
  5. can be separated out into fractions e.g. petrol, diesel
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4
Q

how is crude oil separated

A

fractional distillation

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5
Q

how does fractional distillation of crude oil work

A

oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas

gas enters a fractionating column & liquid is drained off

in the column there is a temperature gradient,
longer hydrocarbons have a higher boiling point and short hydrocarbons have a lower boiling point

you end up with crude oil mixture separated into different fractions

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6
Q

what is at the bottom of the fractional distillation tank (the hottest part)

A

bitumen

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7
Q

how many hydrocarbons does bitumen have

A

70 +

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8
Q

what is bitumen used for

A

surface roads and roofs

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9
Q

what’s about bitumen in the tank

A

fuel oil

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10
Q

how may hydrocarbons does fuel oil have

A

40

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11
Q

what is fuel oil used for

A

fuel for larger shops and some power stations

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12
Q

what’s about fuel oil in the tank

A

diesel oil

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13
Q

how many hydrocarbons does diesel have

A

20

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14
Q

what is diesel used for

A

fuel some cars and larger vehicles e.g. trains

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15
Q

what’s about diesel in the tank

A

kerosene (paraffin)

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16
Q

how many hydrocarbons does kerosene have

A

15

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17
Q

what are some used of kerosene

A

fuel in aircraft

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18
Q

what is above kerosene in the tank

A

petrol

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19
Q

how many hydrocarbons does fuel have

A

8

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20
Q

what is petrol used for

A

fuel in cars

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21
Q

what is at the top of the tank above petrol (coolest part)

A

gases

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22
Q

how many hydrocarbons do gases have

A

3

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23
Q

what are the uses of gases

A

domestic heating and cooking

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24
Q

what do all compounds in a homologous series share

A

similar chemical properties and general formula

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25
Q

why do the physical properties vary

A

the bigger the molecule the higher the boiling point will be

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26
Q

what is methanes molecular formula, boiling point and fraction in crude oil

A

CH4

-162

gases

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27
Q

what is ethanes molecular formula, boiling point and fraction in crude oil

A

C2H6

-89

gases

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28
Q

what is dodecanes molecular formula, boiling point and fraction in crude oil

A

C12H26

216

kerosene

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29
Q

what is icosanes molecular formula, boiling point and fraction in crude oil

A

C20H42

343

diesel oil

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30
Q

what is tetracontanes molecular formula, boiling point and fraction in crude oil

A

C40H82

524

fuel oil

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31
Q

why do intermolecular forces break more easily in small molecules than larger

A

because the forces are much stronger between big molecules than small molecules hence why big molecules have higher boiling points than small molecules

32
Q

why are short hydrocarbons easy to ignite

A

they have lower boiling points so tend to be gases at room temp

33
Q

why are longer hydrocarbons harder to ignite

A

they are usually liquid at room temp and have higher boiling points

34
Q

viscosity

A

have easily a substance flows

35
Q

what does a stronger force between hydrocarbons molecules have in viscosity

A

makes it harder to flow, they are one treacle

36
Q

what does a weaker force between hydrocarbons molecules have in viscosity

A

low viscosity- much more runny

37
Q

what do you get when you burn fossil fuels

A

carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide

38
Q

what does complete combustion produce

A

carbon dioxide and water

39
Q

what does incomplete combustion produce

A

toxic carbon monoxide and soot

40
Q

how is incomplete combustion caused

A

not enough oxygen around for complete combustion

41
Q

how is carbon monoxide toxic

A

can combine with red blood cells and stop your blood from doing its proper job of carrying oxygen round the body

the lack of oxygen can cause fainting, coma and death

42
Q

what happens during incomplete combustion

A

tiny particles of carbon are relaxed into the air, as they fall back onto the ground, they deposit themselves as soot

43
Q

why is soot bad

A

makes buildings look dirty, reduces air quality, can worsen respiratory problems

44
Q

what does sulphur dioxide cause

A

acid rain

45
Q

how is acid rain caused

A

fossil fuels are burned, they release mainly carbon dioxide however they also release harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide

sulphur dioxide comes from sulphur impurities in fossil fuels

sulphur mixes with clouds and forms dilute sulphuric acid , falls as acid rain

46
Q

how does acid rain damage the environment

A

acid rain causes lakes to become acidic when it falls, harming/killing plants and animals

acid rain also damages limestone buildings and stone statues as well as causing metal to corrode

47
Q

how are nitrogen oxides harmful pollutants

A

they contribute to acid rain and photochemical smog

48
Q

photochemical smog

A

type of air pollution and can cause breathing difficulties

49
Q

how is hydrogen gas made and how can it be used

A

it’s obtained from water and then hydrogen combines with oxygen it can be used to power vehicles, often used in fuels as fuel cells

50
Q

pros of hydrogen gas fuel

A

very clean fuel

only waste product is water - nothing harmful

renewable source as it’s obtained from water

51
Q

cons of hydrogen gas fuel

A

needs a special, expensive engine

expensive to obtain

hard to store

52
Q

what is cracking

A

splitting up long chain hydrocarbons by turning long saturated molecules into smaller unsaturated molecules

53
Q

what is cracking a form of

A

thermal decomposition

54
Q

what is thermal composition

A

when one substance breaks down into at least 2 new ones when you heat it - means breaking strong covalent bonds

55
Q

what does cracking produce

A

lots of alkene molecules - can make polymers

56
Q

what does cracking involve (3)

A

heat, moderate pressures and a catalyst

57
Q

what does cracking help with

A

supply and demand

58
Q

how is there evidence that our atmosphere has changed

A

evidence from rocks, bubbles in ice and fossils

59
Q

what happened during phase 1 of the atmosphere

A

volcanoes gave out steam or CO2

  1. there was originally no atmosphere
  2. earths surface cooled, thin crust formed
  3. volcanoes kept erupting releasing gas inside earth
  4. eventually things settled however the atmosphere was mainly CO2 - very little oxygen
  5. water vapour condensed to form ocean
60
Q

what happened during phase 2 of the atmosphere

A

green plants evolved to produce oxygen

  1. co2 dissolved into the oceans
  2. nitrogen was then put into the atmosphere
  3. green plants evolved over most of the earth - photosynthesised
  4. air gradually built up due to the plants
61
Q

what happened during phase 3 of the atmosphere

A

ozone layer allowed evolution of complex animals

  1. build up of oxygen caused early organisms to die
  2. allows evolution of more complex organisms
  3. oxygen created the ozone layer, blocked harmful rays of sun so organisms could evolve
  4. virtually no CO2 left
62
Q

what is the test for oxygen

A

if the gas will relight a glowing splint

63
Q

what affects the composition of air

A

human activity

64
Q

what is human activity which effects composition of air

A
  1. population increase
  2. more energy demand - means burning more fossil fuels
  3. industrialisation
  4. deforestation - let’s out trapped CO2 to environment
  5. volcanoes erupting
65
Q

what does the green house effect do

A

keeps the earth warm by absorbing the electromagnetic radiation of the sun, warming the planet

66
Q

what are greenhouse gases

A

gases which are in the atmosphere which can absorb and reflect heat radiation, only present in small amounts

67
Q

what does increasing greenhouse gases cause

A

climate change

68
Q

what are the green house gases

A

carbon dioxide
water vapour
methane

69
Q

what is the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

where greenhouse gases increase

70
Q

why is methane an issue to enhancing greenhouse gases

A

concentration has risen due to increased human activity in farming where animals produce methane through digestive processes

71
Q

what is global warming

A

a type of climate change which causes other types of climate change

72
Q

how does global warming work

A

extra greenhouse gases from human activity have caused the average temperature of the earth to increase

73
Q

what’s another version of climate change

A

changing rainfall patterns

74
Q

what do most scientists believe

A

global warming is anthropogenic (human caused)

75
Q

why is historical data much less accurate than current records

A
  1. less representative of global levels - old data could only be taken by fewer locations while now we can go anywhere over the world
  2. methods were less accurate
  3. there are no records if you go back far enough, so it’s estimated however it’s less precise
76
Q

what can we do to slow down climate change

A

try to use less fossil fuels to reduce our carbon emission

find more renewable resources such as wind or solar power

chemistry (7 decks)

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