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chemistry paperrrrrr2 > fuels and earth science > Flashcards

fuels and earth science Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

crude oil

A

finite resource, in rocks, composed of remains of an ancient biomass (mostly plankton)
it is a mixture of a large number of different compounds most of which are hydrocarbons

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2
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a molecule made up of carbon and hydrogen only

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3
Q

homologous series have what properties in common

A

same general formula
molecular formulae of successive compounds differs by CH2
similar chemical properties
gradual change in physical properties

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4
Q

how can crude oil be separated into fractions

A

fractional distillation

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5
Q

steps of fract dist

A

crude oil is vaporised by furnace
vapour enters fractioning column
temp gradient - bottom is hotter than top
vapour rises up
as the vapour rises, it cools down
when the boiling point of the different hydrocarbon components of the vapour is reached, they condense
fractions collected

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6
Q

lowest to highest boiling points crude oil components

A

liquid petroleum gases
petrol
kerosene
diesel
heavy fuel oil
bitumen

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7
Q

uses of the gases fraction

A

domestic heating
cooking

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8
Q

uses of the petrol fraction

A

fuel in cars

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9
Q

uses of the kerosene fraction

A

fuel in aircrafts

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10
Q

uses of the diesel oil fraction

A

fuel for some cars
fuel for trains

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11
Q

uses of the fuel oil fraction

A

fuel for large ships
fuel in some power stations

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12
Q

uses of the bitumen fraction

A

road surfaces
roofs

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13
Q

as molecules get larger, boiling point

A

increases

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14
Q

as molecules get larger, viscosity

A

increases

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15
Q

as molecules get larger, flammability

A

decreases

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16
Q

combustion of fuels products

A

fuels may contain carbon hydrogen and sulphur
may release carbon dioxide
water vapour
carbon monoxide
sulfur dioxide
oxides of nitrogen
particulates

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17
Q

complete combustion

A

hydrocarbon fuel is combusted in an excess of oxygen
fuel + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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18
Q

incomplete combustion

A

fuel and limited supply of oxygen
produces less energy, can produce carbon monoxide and or particulate carbon

ethane + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water

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19
Q

carbon monoxide

A

binds to haemoglobin in the blood and prevents oxygen from binding - causing death
colourless and odourless

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20
Q

particulate carbon

A

worsens asthma
causes global dimming

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21
Q

order of alkanes

A

mepb
methane
ethane
propane
butane

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22
Q

how is carbon dioxide made

Study These Flashcards
A

complete combustion of a carbon containing fuel

23
Q

how is carbon monoxide made

Study These Flashcards
A

incomplete combustion of a carbon containing fuel

24
Q

how is sulfur dioxide made

Study These Flashcards
A

combustion of a fossil fuel containing sulfur impurities

25
how is oxides of nitrogen made
oxidation of nitrogen in the air inside a vehicles engine
26
how is soot made
incomplete combustion of a carbon containing fuel
27
sulfur dioxide
sulfur dioxide released into atmosphere where it is further oxidised to form sulfur trioxide dissolves in rainwater to make dilute sulfuric acid - acid rain (sulfur trioxide + water -> acid rain) acid rain is harmful to aquatic plants and animals and it can damage buildings and statues
28
oxides of nitrogens
car engines reach high pressures nitrogen and oxygen in air react can cause photochemical smog and breathing difficulties
29
30
Hydrogen as a fuel advantages
It is renewable Only produce water as a by product, but petrol will produce carbon dioxide, monoxide and particulates
31
Hydrogen as a fuel disadvantages
Made in ways which use non renewable fossil fuels Electrolysis of water uses a large amount of energy which often comes from fossil fuels Fewer hydrogen filling stations compared to petrol
32
Cracking
Longer hydrocarbon -> shorter alkane + Alkene
33
Catalytic cracking
Hydrocarbons are vaporised The vapours are passed over a hot catalyst
34
Steam cracking
Hydrocarbons are mixed with steam at high temps
35
Longer hydrocarbons are
Lower demand and less useful
36
Shorter alkanes are
Used as high demand fuel
37
Alkenes can be used to
Make polymers and as a starting material to make other chemicals
38
Earths atmosphere
80 percent nitrogen 19 percent oxygen Small proportions of carbon dioxide water vapour and noble gases
39
Earths early atmosphere
First billion years Lots of volcanic activity which released gases Nitrogen released and built up Water vapour released but condensed to form oceans Mostly carbon dioxide Little oxygen
40
Small amounts of __________ in the early atmosphere too
Methane and ammonia
41
When the oceans formed,
Carbon dioxide dissolved in the water and carbonates formed producing sediments reducing the amount of co2 in the atmosphere
42
How did oxygen levels increased
Plants and algae produced oxygen by photosynthesis Algae first started producing oxygen 2.7 billion years ago Plants evolved over billion years and produced even more oxygen High enough to support the evolution of animals
43
How carbon dioxide levels decreased
Photosynthesis Sedimentary rocks Formation of fossil fuels
44
Test for oxygen
Glowing splint inside test tube will re light
45
Greenhouse gases
Too many can increase temp too much Carbon dioxide Methane Water vapour
46
How does the greenhouse effect work
Em radiation from sun passes through earths atmosphere Earth absorbs most of this, warming it up Warmer earth radiates longer wavelength infrared radiation Som goes back into space but some is absorbed by greenhouse gases, increasing temp
47
The amount of co2 is increased by what human activities
Burning of fossil fuels Deforestation
48
The amount of methane is increased by
Cattle farming Paddy fields
49
Are humans causing climate change?
Most scientists believe yes, human acigivitws will cause the surface temp of the earth to increase - beliefs come from peer reviewed evidence
50
Things to be considered with climate change proof
Over simplified models Peoples opinions and speculations Biases Quality of evidence Uncertainties
51
Climate definition
Average temp and weather cycles over a long period of time
52
Global warming vs climate change
Global warming is the warming that has occurred due to human activities in the past 200 years
53
Some effects of global warming
Glaciers melting Droughts Sea levels rising Loss of habitat

chemistry paperrrrrr2 (4 decks)

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