Fuels and earth science

Question 1

What are 5 effects of global warming

Answer 1

• Melting of polar ice caps
• Changes in water availability
• Food shortages
• Changes in precipitation
• More frequent extreme weather

Question 2

What is crude oil?

Answer 2

A non renewable energy source made from fossilised remains of dead plankton

Question 3

What is crude oil made of?

Answer 3

Crude oil is made mainly of hydrocarbons

Question 4

What are the 2 general uses of crude oil

Answer 4

• Tarmac

- Fuel

Question 5

What is fractional distillation?

Answer 5

the process of splitting crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with a similar amount of carbon atoms (fractions)

Question 6

What are the 3 steps of fractional distillation?

Answer 6

1. Evaporation
2. Condensation
3. Collection

Question 7

What are the uses of gases from crude oil?

Answer 7

domestic heating and cooking

Question 8

what is the use of petrol from crude oil?

Answer 8

fuel for cars

Question 9

what is the uses of kerosene from crude oil?

Answer 9

fuel for aircraft

Question 10

what is the uses of diesel oil from crude oil?

Answer 10

fuel for some cars and trains

Question 11

what is the use of fuel oil from crude oil?

Answer 11

fuel for larger ships and power station

Question 12

what is the uses of bitumen from crude oil?

Answer 12

surfacing of roads and roofs

Question 13

What happens in the first stage of fractional distillation?

Answer 13

The crude oil is heated until it evaporates and is passed into the fractionating column

Question 14

What happens in the second stage of fractional distillation?

Answer 14

in the fractionating column, hydrocarbons condense at different stages depending on their length

Question 15

What happens in the third stage of fractional distillation?

Answer 15

Once the hydrocarbons are condensed, they are collected and processed to make stuff

Question 16

what are the properties of a homologous series?

Answer 16

1. Same general formula
2. Similar chemical properties
3. Physical properties can change
4. Neighbouring compounds differ by a CH2 unit

Question 17

What are the 3 fundamental properties of hydrocarbons?

Answer 17

• flammability
• viscosity
• boiling point

Question 18

What is the correlation between hydrocarbon chain length and flammability?

Answer 18

Short chain hydrocarbons are more flammable and long ones are less flammable

Question 19

What is the correlation between hydrocarbon chain length and viscosity?

Answer 19

Long chain hydrocarbons are more viscous and short ones are less viscous

Question 20

What is the correlation between hydrocarbon chain length and boiling point?

Answer 20

Long chains hydrocarbons have a higher boiling point whereas short ones have a lower boiling point

Question 21

What are the products of cracking

Answer 21

Alkenes and Alkanes

Question 22

What is cracking?

Answer 22

Breaking down long chain hydrocarbons into shorter more useful ones

Question 23

What are the 2 ways to do cracking

Answer 23

• Catalytic cracking

- Steam cracking

Question 24

What does catalytic cracking require?

Answer 24

• A catalyst (iron)

- High temperatures

Question 25

What does steam cracking require

Answer 25

- Steam | - High temperatures

Question 26

What are the characteristics of carbon monoxide?

Answer 26

- Toxic - Colourless - Odourless

Question 27

What impurity is present in all fossil fuels

Answer 27

Sulphur

Question 28

What is the problem with sulphur?

Answer 28

sulphur oxidises when burnt. this produces the toxic gas sulphur dioxide

Question 29

What happens if sulphur is inhaled?

Answer 29

it can cause respiratory problems

Question 30

What happens when sulphur reacts with water in the atmosphere?

Answer 30

Acid rain is caused

Question 31

What is the problem with acid rain?

Answer 31

it causes erosion of steel and rocks, weathering of buildings and statues and the death of plants, insects and aquatic life like fishes

Question 32

What happens when hydrocarbons are burnt in a confines place? (such as internal combustion engines of cars)

Answer 32

high temperature can cause nitrogen and oxygen to react causing toxic nitrogen oxides to be formed

Question 33

What type of fuel cells can be used to power cars instead of petrol?

Answer 33

Hydrogen fuel cells

Question 34

What are some advantages of using hydrogen fuel cells in cars?

Answer 34

-The only waste cell is water as hydrogen fuel cells only use oxygen and hydrogen thus no greenhouse gases are emitted Hydrogen fuel cells produce more energy per gram of hydrogen relative to petrol

Question 35

What is a disadvantage of hydrogen fuel cells?

Answer 35

- hydrogen has to be stored at high pressure and it's explosive - there aren't many places to refuel

Question 36

Burning hydrocarbons in a lack of oxygen will give you.... carbon+oxygen→

Answer 36

carbon+oxygen→CARBON MONOXIDE

Question 37

What are three common pollutants from burning hydrocarbons?

Answer 37

- Carbon monoxide - Sulphur dioxide - Nitrogen oxides

Question 38

What is thermal decomposition

Answer 38

When one substance breaks down into at least two new ones when you heat it up