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Fuels And Earth Science Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Define fractional distillation

A

Separating crude oil into simpler more useful mixtures

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2
Q

What do the fractional columns have?

A

Temperature gradients

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3
Q

How does the crude oil enter the fractionating columns?

A

Crude oil is heated, until most of it turns into gas

The gases then enter the fractionating columns

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4
Q

Name the crude oils in fractional distillation

A

Gases

Petrol

Kerosene

Diesel

Fuel oil

Bitumen

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5
Q

Use of gases

A

Heating and cooking

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6
Q

Use of petrol

A

Fuel for cars

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7
Q

Use of kerosene

A

Fuel for aircrafts

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8
Q

Use of diesel oil

A

Fuel for larger cars

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9
Q

Use of fuel oil

A

Fuel for large ships

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10
Q

Use of bitumen

A

Roofs and roads

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11
Q

What does each fraction have?

A

Alkanes

W/ similar boiling points

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12
Q

Shorter hydrocarbons boiling point

A

They have lower boiling point

Therefore, they turn to liquid and drains much later on (near the top)

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13
Q

Longer hydrocarbons boiling points

A

They have higher boiling points

They turn back into liquids and drain out early on (near the bottom)

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14
Q

FD : boiling point

A

Increases down the column

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15
Q

FD : flammability

A

Increases up the column

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16
Q

FD : viscosity

A

Increases down the column

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17
Q

Name 4 alkanes from the homologous series

A

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

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18
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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19
Q

Define homologous series

A

Family of molecules which have same general formula + similar chemical properties

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20
Q

The bigger the molecule (homologous series) …

A

Higher the boiling point

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21
Q

Define crude oil

A

Complex mixture of hydrocarbons

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22
Q

What does crude oil contain?

A

Molecules of carbon atoms, in chains or rings

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23
Q

Equation for complete combustion

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A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

24
Q

Equation for incomplete combustion

Study These Flashcards
A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water

25
Why is carbon monoxide produced instead of carbon dioxide, in incomplete combustion?
There is less oxygen than carbon dioxide
26
How is carbon monoxide dangerous?
No smell Can’t see No taste
27
How is carbon monoxide toxic?
Binds with haemoglobin in the blood, stopping red blood cells functioning properly Soot on buildings
28
Name 3 pollutants
Carbon monoxide (incomplete combustion) Sulphur dioxide (acid rain) Nitrogen oxide
29
How does acid rain form?
1) fossil fuels burn, giving off carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide 2) (sulphur dioxide comes form the sulphur impurities in fossil fuels) 3) sulphur mixes w/ clouds Sulphuric acid =acid rain
30
Acid rain can cause...
Acidic lakes (killing fish) Damage limestone buildings + statues
31
How does nitrogen oxide form?
Energy released from combustion forms a reaction between oxygen and nitrogen
32
Where can nitrogen oxide form?
Internal combustion of engines
33
Nitrogen oxide can cause...
Acid rain Photochemical smog
34
Advantages of using hydrogen instead of petrol
- clean fuel - no nasty waste products - renewable source
35
Disadvantages of using hydrogen instead of petrol
- expensive | - hard to store and transport
36
Define cracking
Breaking large saturated hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones
37
Define thermal decomposition
The breaking of covalent bonds though heat energy
38
What is creaking a form of?
Thermal decomposition
39
Why is cracking necessary?
There are higher demands for more useful fuels e.g petrol
40
Test for oxygen
Relight of a glowing splint
41
Describe earths early atmosphere
No oxygen present Lots of carbon dioxide and water vapour
42
Describe phase 1 of the atmosphere
Volcanic activity formed earths early atmosphere - releasing carbon dioxide and water vapour - no oxygen
43
How did our oceans form?
Water vapour condensed
44
Describe phase 2 of our atmosphere
Early CO2 dissolved into the oceans Nitrogen and oxygen levels increased
45
How did nitrogen increase in our atmosphere?
Ammonia + oxygen —> formed nitrogen Nitrogen was released by denitrifying bacteria
46
Why have nitrogen levels increased so much?
It’s not reactive
47
How did oxygen increase in our atmosphere?
Plants evolved and photosynthesised (removing CO2) % gradually increased
48
Define alkane
Saturated hydrocarbon
49
Define alkene
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
50
Describe the greenhouse effect
1) earth radiates heat 2) Infrared radiation absorbed by greenhouse gases 3) infrared reflected back to earths surface 4) infrared re-emitted into space 5) absorption and reflection keep earth warm
51
Name 3 greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide Water vapour Methane
52
Name evidences of human activity causing climate change
Historical data Correlation between CO2 concentration and fossil fuels
53
Why is historical data an inaccurate piece of evidence?
Less data taken over fewer locations Methods of collecting data may be inaccurate
54
How can you estimate past climate?
Tree rings Ice cores
55
What is the con of estimating past climate?
Can be less precise than instrumental sampling
56
What does the correlation between CO2 concentration and fossil fuels tell us?
Fossil fuels give out greenhouse gases, causing climate change We need to reduce carbon emissions
57
What does today’s atmosphere consist of?
Nitrogen = 78% Oxygen = 21% Carbon dioxide = 0.04% Argon = 0.96%

Chemistry (3 decks)

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