FULL FINAL

Question 1

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.

Answer 1

a person’s unconscious

Question 2

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Answer 2

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 3

Behaviorists study ________.

Answer 3

learned behavior

Question 4

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil.

Answer 4

The word “evil” should be changed to the word “good.”

Question 5

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

Answer 5

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

Question 6

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Answer 6

Francis Cecil Sumner

Question 7

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

Answer 7

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

Question 8

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

Answer 8

basic survival needs

Question 9

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.

Answer 9

the use of reinforcement and punishment

Question 10

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?

Answer 10

John Watson

Question 11

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

Answer 11

detailed information

Question 12

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

Answer 12

longitudinal

Question 13

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

Answer 13

correlation

Question 14

Trephination is the ________.

Answer 14

procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

Question 15

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

Answer 15

synapse

Question 16

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.

Answer 16

glial cell

Question 17

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

Answer 17

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Question 18

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

Answer 18

depression

Question 19

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

Answer 19

central; peripheral nervous systems

Question 20

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

Answer 20

sympathetic

Question 21

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

Answer 21

spinal cord

Question 22

Plasticity refers to the brain’s capacity to change by forming new neural pathways based on

Answer 22

experience

Question 23

A neuron’s reaction of either firing at full strength or not firing at all is described as

Answer 23

an all-or-none response

Question 24

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to

Answer 24

depression

Question 25

Endorphins are

Answer 25

neurotransmitters

Question 26

The classic case of railroad worker Phineas Gage best illustrated that frontal lobe damage can

Answer 26

alter one's personality

Question 27

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

Answer 27

parasympathetic

Question 28

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Answer 28

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Question 29

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Answer 29

emotion can be a conditioned response

Question 30

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

Answer 30

unconditioned response

Question 31

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Answer 31

punishment

Question 32

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson’s Little Albert experiment.

Answer 32

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Question 33

Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________.

Answer 33

negative reinforcement

Question 34

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

Answer 34

observational

Question 35

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Answer 35

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Question 36

The very first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Answer 36

Ivan Pavlov

Question 37

Before Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, the tone was a(n)

Answer 37

neutral stimulus

Question 38

A Skinner Box is a(n)

Answer 38

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

Question 39

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

Answer 39

functional fixedness

Question 40

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

Answer 40

prototype

Question 41

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

Answer 41

logical–mathematical

Question 42

In Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

Answer 42

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Question 43

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)

Answer 43

concept

Question 44

When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)

Answer 44

concept

Question 45

An algorithm is a(n)

Answer 45

methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems

Question 46

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

Answer 46

search for information that supports our preconceptions

Question 47

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

Answer 47

implicit

Question 48

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

Answer 48

visual

Question 49

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

Answer 49

flashbulb memory

Question 50

What is procedural memory?

Answer 50

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Question 51

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

Answer 51

long-term

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

Answer 52

using the acronym “HOMES” to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Question 53

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

Answer 53

rehearsal

Question 54

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Answer 54

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Question 55

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

Answer 55

recognition

Question 56

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

Answer 56

circadian

Question 57

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

Answer 57

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Question 58

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Answer 58

Sigmund Freud

Question 59

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

Answer 59

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Question 60

The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

Answer 60

latent

Question 61

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

Answer 61

opioid

Question 62

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

Answer 62

tolerance

Question 63

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

Answer 63

changes in normal bodily function

Question 64

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.

Answer 64

lucid

Question 65

Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content.

Answer 65

manifest

Question 66

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

Answer 66

REM

Question 67

Which term describes the perception of the body’s movement through space?

Answer 67

kinesthesia

Question 68

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

Answer 68

vestibular

Question 69

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

Answer 69

signal detection

Question 70

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

Answer 70

umami and fat content

Question 71

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

Answer 71

blindness

Question 72

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with sensory receptors

Answer 72

true

Question 73

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called top-down processing.

Answer 73

true

Question 74

A subliminal stimulus is one that is below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Answer 74

true

Question 75

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time is called sensory adaptation.

Answer 75

false

Question 76

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates sensory adaptation.

Answer 76

true

Question 77

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

Answer 77

fine

Question 78

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

Answer 78

gross

Question 79

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

Answer 79

authoritative

Question 80

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

Answer 80

genes and biology

Question 81

Adolescents (ages 12–18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Answer 81

identity vs. confusion

Question 82

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Answer 82

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Question 83

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

Answer 83

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Question 84

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

Answer 84

object permanence

Question 85

Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to secure attachment.

Answer 85

true

Question 86

What is the just-world hypothesis?

Answer 86

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Question 87

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

Answer 87

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Question 88

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

Answer 88

Zimbardo

Question 89

We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers in terms of _________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________.

Answer 89

personality traits; situational constraints

Question 89

Prejudice is a mixture of all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer 89

ingroup bias

Question 90

Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud’s theory of development?

Answer 90

climate of sexual repression during Victorian era

Question 91

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

Answer 91

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

Question 92

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person’s unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Answer 92

Rorschach

Question 92

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Answer 92

five factor model

Question 93

The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called projection.

Answer 93

true

Question 94

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

Answer 94

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Question 95

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

Answer 95

obsessive-compulsive

Question 96

What is comorbidity?

Answer 96

co-occurrence of two disorders

Question 96

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 96

lack of regard for others’ rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Question 97

A psychological disorder is a ________.

Answer 97

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors