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FULL NOTES Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ethics?

A

The inner guiding moral principles, values, and beliefs that people use to analyse or interpret a situation and then decide what is the right or appropriate way to behave.

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2
Q

Why is it important to discuss ethics?

A

Because ethics guides behavior and decision-making in situations that involve moral dilemmas.

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3
Q

What is an ethical dilemma?

A

The difficulty people find themselves in when they have to decide if they should act in a way that might help another person or group, even though doing so might go against their own self-interest or others.

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4
Q

What is the difference between ethical behaviour and legal behaviour?

A

Ethical behaviour is guided by moral principles, while legal behaviour follows established laws, which may not always align with ethical standards.

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5
Q

What is a stakeholder?

A

People and groups that supply a company with its productive resources and thus have a claim or stake in the company.

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6
Q

What is the Utilitarian Rule?

A

An ethical decision is one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people or does the least harm.

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7
Q

Who are considered the fathers of the utilitarian approach to ethics?

A

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

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8
Q

What is the Justice Rule?

A

An ethical decision distributes benefits and harms among people and groups in a fair, equitable, or impartial way.

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9
Q

What does the Moral Rights Rule emphasize?

A

An ethical decision is one that best maintains and protects the fundamental or inalienable rights and privileges of the people affected by it.

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10
Q

What is the Practical Rule?

A

An ethical decision is one in which a manager has no reluctance about communicating with people outside the company because the typical person in society would think it is acceptable.

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11
Q

What is the obstructionist approach to social responsibility?

A

Companies and their managers choose not to behave in a socially responsible way and instead behave unethically and illegally.

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12
Q

What is the Defensive approach to social responsibility?

A

Companies and their managers behave ethically to the degree that they stay within the law and strictly abide by legal requirements.

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13
Q

What is the Accommodative approach to social responsibility?

A

Companies and their managers behave legally and ethically and try to balance the interests of different stakeholders as the need arises.

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14
Q

What is the Proactive approach to social responsibility?

A

Companies and their managers actively embrace socially responsible behaviour, going out of their way to learn about the needs of different stakeholder groups.

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15
Q

What is the tragedy of the commons?

A

A situation where individuals act in their own self-interest, leading to collective disaster.

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16
Q

What is societal ethics?

A

Standards that govern how members of a society should deal with one another in matters involving issues such as fairness, justice, poverty, and the rights of the individual.

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17
Q

What are occupational ethics?

A

The standards that govern how members of a profession, trade, or craft should conduct themselves when performing work-related activities.

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18
Q

What are individual ethics?

A

Personal standards and values that determine how people view their responsibilities to others and how they should act in situations when their own self-interests are at stake.

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19
Q

What is organisational ethics?

A

The guiding practices and beliefs through which a particular company and its managers view their responsibility toward their stakeholders.

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20
Q

What is diversity in the workplace?

A

Differences among people due to race, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background, physical abilities, etc.

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21
Q

What is fair discrimination?

A

Discrimination that is legally allowed on specific grounds such as affirmative action or inherent job requirements.

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22
Q

What is unfair discrimination?

A

Discrimination that is not justified and involves differential treatment based on arbitrary grounds.

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23
Q

What is direct discrimination?

A

Differential treatment between employees and job applicants based on arbitrary grounds.

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24
Q

What is indirect discrimination?

A

A more subtle form of discrimination seen as neutral policies but negatively affecting individuals or groups.

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25
What is distributive justice?
A moral principle that calls for fair distribution of pay, promotions, job titles, and other organizational resources.
26
What is procedural justice?
The requirement that managers use fair procedures to determine how to distribute outcomes to organizational members.
27
What is the importance of effective management of diversity?
It increases organizational effectiveness, provides a competitive advantage, and ensures profits do not suffer.
28
What is perception in the context of management?
The process through which people select, organize, and interpret sensory input to give meaning and order to the world around them.
29
What is the basis for managers' decisions and actions?
Subjective perceptions ## Footnote These perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate, influencing decision quality.
30
What happens when managers' perceptions are accurate?
Good decisions are likely to be made and appropriate actions taken.
31
What are the consequences of inaccurate managerial perceptions?
Bad decisions and inappropriate actions that hurt organisational effectiveness.
32
List three bad decisions concerning diversity.
* Not hiring qualified people * Failing to promote top-performing subordinates * Promoting poorly performing managers based on diversity profile.
33
What are schemas in the context of managerial perception?
Abstract knowledge stored in memory that allows people to organize and interpret information.
34
Give an example of a schema.
Gender schemas.
35
What are biases in managerial perception?
Systematic tendencies to use information about others that result in inaccurate perceptions.
36
What is the 'similar-to-me effect'?
To perceive others who are similar to ourselves more positively than those who are different.
37
What is social status bias?
The tendency to perceive a person of high social status more positively than someone with a lower social status.
38
What is managerial decision making?
The process by which managers respond to opportunities and threats by analyzing options and making determinations about specific organisational goals.
39
What are programmed decisions?
Decisions that have been made so many times that managers have developed rules or guidelines to apply.
40
What defines nonprogrammed decision making?
Decisions made in response to unusual opportunities and threats.
41
How do managers make decisions in the absence of decision rules?
* Relying on intuition * Using reasoned judgments.
42
What is the classical model of decision making?
A prescriptive approach based on the assumption that the decision maker can identify and evaluate alternatives rationally.
43
What is the outcome of the classical model?
Optimum decision.
44
What does the administrative model explain?
Why decision making is inherently uncertain and risky.
45
What is bounded rationality?
Cognitive limitations that constrain one’s ability to interpret, process, and act on information.
46
What does incomplete information refer to?
Information is incomplete due to uncertainty about decision-making and consequences.
47
Define risk in decision making.
When managers know the possible outcomes and assign probabilities to them.
48
What is uncertainty in decision making?
When probabilities of outcomes cannot be determined and future outcomes are unknown.
49
What is satisficing?
Searching for and choosing an acceptable response rather than trying to make the best decision.
50
List the six steps managers should take to make the best decisions.
* Recognise the need for a decision * Generate alternatives * Assess alternatives * Choose among alternatives * Implement the chosen alternatives * Learn from feedback.
51
What is the importance of legality in assessing alternatives?
Ensure that a course of action will not violate any laws or regulations.
52
What does ethicalness refer to in decision making?
Ensuring that a possible course of action is ethical and does not harm stakeholders.
53
What is economic feasibility?
Deciding whether alternatives can be accomplished given the organisation’s goals.
54
What is practicality in decision making?
Determining if the necessary capabilities and resources are available to implement the alternative.
55
What is groupthink?
A pattern of faulty decision making that occurs when group members strive for agreement at the expense of accurate information assessment.
56
What is devil’s advocacy?
A technique where one member critiques and challenges the group's preferred alternative.
57
Define organizational learning.
The process through which managers seek to improve employees’ abilities to understand and manage the organization.
58
What is a learning organization?
An organization that maximizes individuals' and groups' ability to think and behave creatively.
59
What is creativity in decision making?
A decision maker’s ability to discover original and novel ideas that lead to feasible alternatives.
60
What is an intrapreneur?
A manager or researcher who works inside an organization to develop new or improved products.
61
Define product champions.
Managers who take ownership of a project and provide leadership to take the product from idea to final customer.
62
What are skunkworks?
Groups of intrapreneurs separated from normal operations to focus on developing new products.
63
What is strategic human resource management?
Activities that help an organization gain a competitive advantage through effective management of human resources.
64
What does HRM stand for?
Human Resource Management ## Footnote HRM involves acquiring, developing, protecting, and utilizing an organization's resources.
65
What is the purpose of Human Resource Management?
To attract and retain employees, ensure high performance, and contribute to organizational goals.
66
What is an HRMS?
Human Resources Management System.
67
What is the Strategic Human Resource Management System?
The process by which managers design HRM components to align with organizational architecture and strategy.
68
What are the components of competitive advantage in Strategic Human Resource Management?
* Efficiency * Quality * Innovation * Responsiveness to customers
69
What does equal employment opportunity (EEO) ensure?
The equal right of all citizens to obtain employment regardless of gender, age, race, country of origin, religion, or disabilities.
70
What is recruitment in HRM?
Activities managers engage in to develop a pool of qualified candidates for open positions.
71
What is the selection process in HRM?
Determining the relative qualifications of job applicants and their potential for performing well.
72
What is human resource planning?
Activities that managers engage in to forecast current and future human resource needs.
73
What is a demand forecast?
Estimation of the qualifications and number of employees needed.
74
What is a supply forecast?
Estimation of available qualifications of current employees.
75
What is job analysis?
Identifying tasks, duties, and responsibilities that make up a job and the skills needed to perform it.
76
What are the advantages of external recruitment?
* Access to a large applicant pool * Attraction of skilled candidates * Fresh approaches to problems
77
What are the disadvantages of external recruitment?
* High cost * Additional training * Uncertainty about performance
78
What is internal recruiting?
When managers turn to existing employees to fill open positions.
79
What are the benefits of internal recruiting?
* Familiarity with the organization * Known candidates * Boosts employee motivation and morale
80
What are the disadvantages of internal recruiting?
* Limited candidate pool * Candidates may be set in their ways * Lack of suitable internal candidates
81
What must selection tools be?
* Reliable * Valid
82
What does reliability in selection tools refer to?
The degree to which the tool measures the same thing each time.
83
What does validity in selection tools refer to?
The degree to which a tool measures what it is meant to measure.
84
What is training in HRM?
Focuses on teaching organizational members how to perform their current jobs.
85
What is development in HRM?
Focuses on building the skills of organizational members for new responsibilities.
86
What is a needs assessment?
An assessment of which employees need training or development and the type of skills they need.
87
What is performance appraisal?
The evaluation of employees' job performance and contributions to their organization.
88
What are the types of performance appraisal?
* Trait appraisal * Behaviour appraisals * Result appraisal * Objective appraisals * Subjective appraisals
89
What is effective performance feedback?
The process through which managers share appraisal information and develop future plans with employees.
90
What is the difference between formal and informal appraisals?
* Formal appraisal: Conducted at a set time * Informal appraisal: Unscheduled assessment of ongoing performance
91
What are the elements of an effective feedback process?
* Be specific * Problem solving * Express confidence * Provide both formal and informal feedback
92
What does pay include?
Base salaries, pay raises, and bonuses.
93
What are benefits in HRM?
Compensation based on membership in an organization, such as sick days and insurance.
94
What is pay structure?
The arrangement of jobs into categories based on importance, skill level, and other characteristics.
95
What are legally required benefits?
* Social Security * Workers’ compensation * Unemployment insurance * Health insurance for employers with 50 or more employees
96
What are voluntary benefits?
* Retirement * Day care * Flexible working hours
97
What is labor relations?
Activities managers engage in to maintain effective relationships with labor unions.
98
What is collective bargaining?
Negotiation between labor and management to resolve conflicts about working conditions.
99
What is the role of a mediator or arbitrator?
A neutral third party that helps labor and management reach an agreement.

OBS114 (2 decks)

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