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Biomed > Full year - Overveiw > Flashcards

Full year - Overveiw Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the goal of the link search method?

A

Find associations between evidence, used for both large and small crime scenes.

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2
Q

Describe the line search method.

A

Members arranged at regular intervals, proceed along straight lines, Best for large outdoor crime scenes.

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3
Q

What is the grid search method?

A

Searchers realign for a second line after completing the first, Covers more ground than line but takes more time.

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4
Q

What is the zone search method?

A

Teams assigned small zones for searching, Other searching methods like line can be employed in each zone.

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5
Q

What is the spiral search method used for?

A

Crime scenes with no physical barriers, It can be an outward or inward spiral.

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6
Q

Describe the wheel search method.

A

Start from a critical point and travel outwards along straight lines, Used on small, circular crime scenes.

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7
Q

What is forensic footprint evidence?

A

Evidence used to trace activities and location
ex. footprints, fingerprints, and saliva.

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8
Q

Define trace evidence.

A

Tiny fragments of physical evidence, Includes hairs, fibers, and glass pieces.

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9
Q

What constitutes a digital footprint?

A

Text messages, phone calls, emails, social media, blogs, and forum posts, Also includes physical whereabouts.

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10
Q

What is Locard’s Exchange principle?

A

Every contact results in an exchange of physical materials, Implies criminals always leave traces.

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11
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma, Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes, Plasma is about 55% of blood, RBCs about 45%.

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12
Q

What is the main function of erythrocytes?

A

Gas transfer of oxygen to the body, They contain hemoglobin and have a lifespan of 120 days.

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13
Q

What is the role of leukocytes?

A

Immune system protection from outside materials, Located in the ‘Buffy Coat’.

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14
Q

What do thrombocytes do?

A

Help form a plug for clotting, They are tiny cells located in the ‘Buffy Coat’.

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15
Q

What is presumptive testing?

A

Identifying blood based on hemoglobin properties, Includes tests like LCV, Luminol, and Kastle-Meyer.

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16
Q

What does the Kastle-Meyer test use?

A

Phenolphthalein, which reacts with iron in hemoglobin, It is very accurate but time-consuming.

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17
Q

What are the four main blood types?

A

A, B, AB, O
Determined by specific RBC surface proteins called antigens.

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18
Q

What is blood typing?

A

Taking samples of blood and adding known antibodies to check for agglutination
Indicates the presence of specific antigens.

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19
Q

Define blood as evidence.

A

Patterns, weapon, point of origin, manner of death, height from which blood fell
Blood can indicate many aspects of a crime scene.

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20
Q

What is Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)?

A

Inherited blueprint for building proteins
Contains a chemical code made of A, T, C, G.

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21
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

In most cells in the nucleus, except mature RBCs
Blood can still be used to collect DNA.

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22
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

A=T and C=G
Discovered by Erwin Chargaff in 1947.

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23
Q

What is the basic structural unit of DNA?

A

Nucleotide
Composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

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24
Q

What are the two types of cells that contain DNA?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; eukaryotes do.

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25
What are the steps in DNA analysis?
Extraction, amplification, cutting with restriction enzymes, sorting with gel electrophoresis PCR is used for amplification.
26
What is an autopsy?
Medical examination of a dead body to determine cause of death Conducted when death is suspicious or unexpected.
27
What is the difference between cause of death and manner of death?
Cause is the specific injury/disease; manner is the classification of death Manner can be natural, unnatural, accident, homicide, suicide, or undetermined.
28
What is algor mortis?
Cooling of the body after death Cools about 1.5 degrees per hour.
29
What is rigor mortis?
Stiffening of the body after death Completes in 8-12 hours after death.
30
What is livor mortis?
Pooling of blood due to gravity Early signs appear 2 hours after death.
31
What is toxicology?
Study of the effects of chemicals on the human body Includes substances like drugs, alcohol, and poisons.
32
What are the two types of digestion?
Physical and chemical digestion Physical includes chewing; chemical involves acids/enzymes.
33
What is metabolism?
Process of breaking down substances into smaller substances Produces metabolites like blood, sweat, and urine.
34
What is the function of the nervous system?
Receiving, interpreting, and reacting to signals Main structures include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
35
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Separated by valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.
36
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood Responsible for transporting nutrients and wastes.
37
What is the function of thrombocytes?
Help in blood clotting They form a plug at injury sites.
38
What is the Chief Complaint?
Patients description of what they feel is their main health problem
39
Define Physical Signs in a medical context.
Pieces of evidence that indicate an illness, observed or measured externally by a medical provider Examples include rash, coughing, or elevated temperature. ## Footnote Examples include rash, coughing, or elevated temperature.
40
What are Symptoms?
Subjective evidence of a disease a patient perceives Examples include aches, nausea, or fatigue.
41
What is Diagnosis?
Determining which disease/condition explains a person’s symptoms, physical signs, and chief complaint.
42
What do Vital Signs assess?
Homeostasis and provide a snapshot of health tracked over time and are crucial in emergency rooms for triage and treatments.
43
What is the normal range for Heart Rate?
60-100 bpm
44
How is Respiratory Rate defined?
The number of breaths per minute, with one breath consisting of an inhale and an exhale, Normal range is 12-20 bpm.
45
What does Oxygen Saturation measure?
The amount of oxygen in the blood at a given time, expressed as a percentage ## Footnote Normal range is 95-99%.
46
What are the two values measured in Blood Pressure?
Systolic pressure and diastolic pressure ## Footnote Normal blood pressure is considered <120/<80 mm Hg.
47
What is the BMI formula?
(Weight (lb) / [height (in)]^2) x 703
48
What is the purpose of an Ophthalmoscope?
To examine eyes for movement, response to light, and signs of infection or abrasions.
49
What are the ABC’s of Skin Evaluation?
* A: Asymmetry * B: Border * C: Color * D: Diameter * E: Evolving
50
What is the role of Erythrocytes (RBC)?
Gas transfer; they are anucleated cells that contain hemoglobin, which transports oxygen.
51
What is a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?
A test that includes measurements of WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, and Platelets.
52
What does WBC stand for and what is its purpose?
White Blood Cells; they fight infections ## Footnote Normal range is 4,500-11,000/mL.
53
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 1: pancreas doesn’t produce insulin. Type 2: pancreas produces insulin but it doesn't work effectively.
54
What are Feedback Loops?
Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis in the body ## Footnote Includes negative feedback (e.g., body temperature regulation) and positive feedback (e.g., childbirth).
55
What is the process of Mitosis?
1 somatic cell divides into 2 identical cells ## Footnote Purpose includes growth, repair, and replacing dead cells.
56
What is a Tumor?
Masses of extra cells that can be benign (harmless) or malignant (cancerous).
57
What are the functions of Proteins?
* Driving cellular reactions * Providing defense * Building structures * Transporting materials * Coordinating cellular activities * Movement
58
What is the central idea of Protein Synthesis?
DNA → RNA → Protein
59
What is Karyotyping?
An organized profile of a person’s chromosomes ## Footnote It involves staining, arranging, and numbering chromosomes by size.
60
What is Nondisjunction?
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis, leading to gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers.
61
What is the definition of Epidemiology?
The study of trends in health issues in populations by healthcare experts.
62
What is a Nosocomial Infection?
An infection acquired in a hospital.
63
Define Epidemic.
Unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area.
64
What is the definition of Pandemic?
An epidemic that has spread across several countries or continents and affects a large number of people.

Biomed (4 decks)

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