Functional anatomy

Question 1

Muscle Types

Answer 1

1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle

Question 2

Skeletal Muscle Function

Answer 2

1. Permit movement
2. Posture
3. Blood circulation

Question 3

Cardiac Muscle Function

Answer 3

Muscles in the heart used to pump blood

Question 4

Smooth Muscle function

Answer 4

1. Blood passageways (arteries, veins) to effect the pressure inside the vessel
2. Perform a variety of essential tasks within organs e.g. maintaining structure in the intestines and contracting to push thru food

Question 5

Muscle Characteristics

Answer 5

1. Excitability
2. Contractibility
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity

Question 6

Excitability

Answer 6

Ability for muscles to receive a stimulus, usually a neural impulse but can be a reflex from interneurons

Question 7

Contractability

Answer 7

The ability for muscles to shorten in response to a stimulus (all or nothing principle)

Question 8

All or nothing principle

Answer 8

A tendon in a muscle will either contract 100% or 0% when contracting, having many tendons allows the body to control how far the entire muscle is contracted

Question 9

Extensability

Answer 9

The ability for a muscle to extend past it’s normal resting length, usually about 1.5x depending on the muscle

Question 10

Elasticity

Answer 10

The ability for a muscle to return to original resting length after stretching

Question 11

Posterior/Anterior

Answer 11

Reference points for muscles
Posterior is behind/backwards
Anterior is the front

Question 12

Superior/Inferior

Answer 12

Reference points for muscles
Superior is above
Inferior is below

Question 13

Proximal/Distal

Answer 13

Reference points for muscles
Proximal is towards the limb attachment points
Distal is away from limb attachment/further to end of limb

Question 14

Medial/Lateral

Answer 14

Reference points for mucles
Medial is closer to the midline of the body (med - mid)
Lateral is further out from the midline

Question 15

Superficial/Deep

Answer 15

Reference points for muscles
Superficial is closer to the surface of the skin
Deep is further in from the skin

Question 16

Abduction

Answer 16

Movement of joints away from the midline

Question 17

Adduction

Answer 17

Movement of joints towards midline

Question 18

Extension

Answer 18

Movement of joints to decrease the angle that is present - mostly straightening the joint

Question 19

Flexion

Answer 19

Movement of joint to increase the angle that is present - mostly bending the joint

Question 20

Rotation

Answer 20

Bending a joint around its own longitudinal axis e.g. rotating the shoulder

Question 21

Circumduction

Answer 21

joint movement where the end of the joint traces a circle in the air - combination of flexion and extension

Question 22

Dorsi-flexion

Answer 22

Joint movement to flex the foot, pointing it up

Question 23

Plantar-flexion

Answer 23

Joint movement to point the foot - pointing down

Question 24

Skeletal System purpose

Answer 24

1. Framework for the body
2. Muscle attachments
3. protect organs
4. Storage of minerals e.g. calcium
5. Production of red blood cells within bone marrow

Question 25

Vertebral Column

Answer 25

Going highest to lowest Cervical - 7 vertebrae Thoracic - 12 vertebrae Lumbar - 5 vertebrae Sacrum - 5 vertebrae (fused) Coccyx - one vertebrae

Question 26

Trapezius O+I

Answer 26

Origin - Skull, vertebrae Insertion - Clavicle, scapula

Question 27

Latissimus Dorsi O+I

Answer 27

Origin - vertebrae, pelvis Insertion - Humerus (both ends)

Question 28

Pectorals O+I

Answer 28

Origin - ribs, clavicle, sternum Insertion - humerus (both ends)

Question 29

Deltoid O+I

Answer 29

origin - Clavicle, Scapula Insertion - Humerus

Question 30

Bicep O+I

Answer 30

Origin - scapula Insertion - radius, ulna

Question 31

Triceps O+I

Answer 31

Origin - scapula, humerus Insertion - ulna

Question 32

Abdominals O+I

Answer 32

Origin - pelvis Insertion - ribs

Question 33

Gluteals O+I

Answer 33

Origin - Pelvis Insertion - Femur

Question 34

Adductors O+I

Answer 34

Origin - Pelvis Insertion - Femur

Question 35

Quadriceps O+I

Answer 35

Origin - Pelvis, Femur Insertion - tibia

Question 36

Hamstrings O+I

Answer 36

Origin - Pelvis Insertion - tibia, fibula

Question 37

Tibialis Anterior O+I

Answer 37

Origin - Tibia Insertion - 1 metatarsal base (big toe)

Question 38

Gastrocnemius O+I

Answer 38

Origin - Femur Insertion - Tarsal

Question 39

Soleus O+I

Answer 39

Original - Tibia, fibula Insertion - Calcaneus (tarsal bone)

Question 40

Bicep antagonist

Answer 40

Tricep

Question 41

Deltoid antagonist

Answer 41

Lattisumis dorsi

Question 42

Pectorals antagonist

Answer 42

Latissimus Dorsi

Question 43

Rectus abdominis antagonist

Question 44

Iliopsoas (Hip flexor) antagonist

Question 45

Quadricep Antagonist

Answer 45

Hamstrings

Question 46

Hip Adductor Antagonist

Answer 46

Gluteals

Question 47

Tibialis Anterior antagonist

Answer 47

Gastrocnemius

Question 48

Atrial Systole

Answer 48

Both atriums contract forcing blood into the Ventricles

Question 49

Ventricular systole

Answer 49

Both ventricles contract forcing blood into the pulmonary Artery and aorta

Question 50

Atrial Diastole

Answer 50

At the same time as ventricular systole, the atrial cardiac muscles contract allowing the atriums to fill with more blood to be pumped during atrial systole

Question 51

Arteries

Answer 51

Structure: * Thick, muscular walls * No valves * Blood under high BP Function: -Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery)

Question 52

Veins

Answer 52

Structure: * Thin, collapsible walls * Valves present * Blood under low BP Function: -Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except pulmonary vein)

Question 53

Capillaries

Answer 53

Structure * Very thin walls - only 1 cell thick * Branch from the arterioles and venules to form a network Function -facilitate gas exchange - Allow the diffusion of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide

Question 54

Order of an oxygen molecule that does not get used by the body

Answer 54

1. Air outside of the body 2. Nasal & Oral cavities 3. Pharynx 4. Larynx 5. Trachea 6. Bronchi 7. Bronchioles 8. Alveoli 9. Capillaries (lungs) 10. Pulmonary Veins 11. Left Atrium 12. Left Ventricle 13. Aorta 14. Arteries 15. Capillaries (muscles) 16. Veins 17. Vena Cavae 18. Right Atrium 19. Right Ventricle 20. Pulmonary Arteries 21. Capillaries (lungs) 22. Alveoli 23. Bronchioles 24. Bronchi 25. Trachea 26. Larynx 27. Pharynx 28. Nasal & Oral cavities 29. Air outside of the body