Functional Anatomy Flashcards
(270 cards)
1
Q
What is the basic unit of life?
A
the cell
2
Q
What is cell theory?
A
All cells arise from already existing cells through reproduction
3
Q
How do cells reproduce?
A
Cell Division; ordinary cell division is called mitosis
4
Q
Cell activities are carried out by what?
A
Organelles
5
Q
All animal cells have a nucleus except for what?
A
Mature red blood cells
6
Q
What is the cell membrane?
A
The outer layer of an animal cell is the cell membrane
7
Q
The material in a cell that organelles move around is called what?
A
Cytoplasm
8
Q
What is the Mitochondria responsible for?
A
The organelles responsible for the chemical reactions which supply energy to the cell
9
Q
What are the four types of tissues?
A
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
10
Q
Epithelial tissue can be found where?
A
Is found in the skin, lining of hollow organs such as the alimentary canal, the bladder, the uterus; glands are also made up of epithelial tissue
11
Q
Connective tissue is found where?
A
bones, tendons, ligaments, and sheets of fibrous tissue; blood is also a connective tissue
12
Q
Muscular tissue can be found where?
A
the skeletal muscles, smooth muscles of the alimentary canal, bladder, and the cardiac muscle of the heart
13
Q
What type of tissue has the capacity to transmit messages?
A
Nervous tissues
14
Q
Where can nervous tissue be found?
A
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
15
Q
The Digestive tract is located where?
A
Abdominal cavity
16
Q
The alimentary canal is how long?
A
100ft
17
Q
the alimentary tract includes what?
A
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, small colon, large colon, rectum, anus
18
Q
Prehension
A
The grasping of food
19
Q
Mastication
A
chewing
20
Q
How many teeth does a horse have at birth?
A
24 milk teeth
21
Q
A full mouthed stallion has how many teeth?
A
40
22
Q
Mares have how many teeth?
A
36
23
Q
Saliva is produced by three sets of salivary glands, how much do they produce?
A
10 gallons
24
Q
What does saliva contain?
A
It contains the enzyme ptyalin, which converts starch to maltose
25
How long is the esophagus?
60 inches or about 5ft
26
What is food known as when it is in the esophagus?
Bolus
27
What is peristalsis?
Wave-like muscular contractions that aid in digestion
28
Why can horses not vomit?
They cannot vomit because peristalsis is a one way movement
29
Food enters the stomach through what?
the cardia
30
The stomach holds how much?
8-17 quarts
31
The Gastric Mucosa produces what?
Gastric Juices
32
What are the two main gastric juices?
Peptic Acid and Hydrochloric acid
33
Food is known as what in the stomach?
chyme
34
How does chyme leave?
It leaves the stomach through the pyloric valve
35
The small intestine is approximately how long?
70ft long with a capacity of 12 gallons
36
The small intestine consists of three sections?
the Duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum
37
What is bile?
A blueish green fluid secreted by the liver which aids int he emulsification(breakdown) of fats
38
What is pancreatic juice?
Produced by the pancreas, and works on carbohydrates
39
Nutrients in the small intestine are absorbed by what?
Villi, this is normally found in the jejunum of the small intestine
40
From the cecum the food travels then through what?
Cecum, it is also known as a water gut or blind gut
41
How long is the cecum and what is the capacity?
4ft long and holds 28-32 quarts
42
Vitamin B12/ Cobalamin is synthesized where?
Cecum
43
Where does food move the slowest in the body?
Cecum
44
Where does food move after the cecum?
Undigested material moves into the remainder of the large intestine
45
The large intestine is approximately how long?
25ft long and holds approximately 80qts
46
What are the accessory organs in digestion?
liver, pancreas, teeth, and salivary glands
47
What is the largest gland in the body?
liver
48
What are the three salivary glands?
parotid, submaxillary(submandibular), sublingual
49
What membrane protects the digestive organs?
peritoneum
50
What is the mesentery?
A double fold of the peritoneum which supports the small intestine
51
The mesenteric artery supplies blood where?
The small intestine
52
Describe the process of respiration?
It includes the exchange of gases in individual tissues
53
The respiratory system is located where?
It is located in the thoracic cavity, commonly called the chest cavity
54
The respiratory system can be divided into what
upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract
55
Air is taken through the nostrils then to what?
The nasal passages then through the pharynx then into the larynx
56
What does the larynx determine?
It determines how much air enters the trachea and lower respiratory tract
57
What is the trachea commonly called?
windpipe
58
The trachea is how long?
75-80 centimeters long
59
Air is filtered by small hairlike projections called what?
Cilia
60
Inhaling and exhaling is controlled by what?
The diaphragm
61
What is the normal respiration rate of a resting horse?
10 breaths per minute
62
What does the circulatory system do?
It uses blood to carry oxygen, food, and water to cells throughout the body
63
The circulatory consists of what?
blood, veins, arteries, smaller blood vessels, and the heart
64
What are the four chambers of the heart?
right and left ventricle and the right and left auricles
65
What is the wall of tissue which divides the heart in half?
Septum
66
What is the membrane that surrounds the heart?
The pericardium
67
Blood returns to the heart through what?
Veins
68
Blood leaves the heart through what?
arteries
69
The blood enters the heart through what?
Vena Cava
70
Blood leaves the heart to return to the body through what?
Aorta
71
What are the four valves of the horse?
tricuspid and the mitral valve
72
What is the horses normal pulse rate?
36 beats per minute
73
An abnormally slow heart rate is what?
Bradycardia
74
An abnormally fast heart rate is called what?
Tachycardia
75
Blood contains what?
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
76
Plasma makes up what percent of the blood?
40-50%
77
Plasma is made up of what?
93% water, 6% protein, 1% mineral salts
78
red blood cells contains what?
Pigment hemoglobin
79
What do red blood cells carry?
Oxygen
80
What are white blood cells also called?
Leucocytes
81
What cell is part of the immune system, and destroys bacteria and other foreign matter in the bloodstream?
White Blood Cells
82
What are the five types of leucocytes?
Lymphocytes(non-granular), Monocytes(non-granular), esinophils(granular acidic), basophils(granular alkaline), neutrophils(granular neutral)
83
How is the loss of blood stopped when a blood vessel is damaged?
the process of clotting
84
What vitamin is necessary for clotting?
Vitamin K
85
What does the spleen do?
The spleen destroys old blood cells and stores new ones for release when they are needed
86
What is bloods path to the heart?
vena cava- right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary vein- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta- the body
87
What is the secondary system of transport which removes excess water from tissues?
Lymphatic system
88
How is lymph fluid moved through out the body?
By the actions of the skeletal muscles
89
What does the excretory system consist of?
Two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and urethra
90
Where is the right kidney located?
Under the last three ribs
91
Where is the left kidney located?
It is opposites the last rib and is slightly farther back than the right kidney
92
What connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
93
What is the function of the urinary system?
Functions to maintain water and electrolyte balance within the body, as well as to excrete waste products such as urea
94
The kidneys produce what?
Urine
95
The urinary bladder stores what?
Urine
96
How many times does an adult horse urinate in a day?
4-6
97
What is the nervous system made of?
Nerve cells, or neurons, which carry messages in the form of electro
98
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
99
What does the CNS contain?
The brain and the spinal cord
100
The brain and the spinal cord are protected by three membranes, or meninges?
The dura mater, the arachnoid mater, the pia mater
101
The brain and the spine is protected by what?
Brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae
102
The brain is how much of the horses body weight?
1%
103
The three primary segments of the brain?
hind brain, midbrain, fore-brain
104
The brainstem regulates what?
Breathing
105
What does the cerebellum control
Movement
106
What is the pons involved with?
Emotions and Behavior
107
What is the midbrain responsible for?
sight, smell, and control of hind brain activity
108
The forebrain contains what?
Pituitary gland
109
How long is the spinal cord?
6-7 feet
110
The forty-two pairs of spinal nerves connect the spinal cord to the what?
Peripheral Nerves
111
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
All the nerves in the body
112
ANS is divided into what?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
113
The ANS controls what?
Involuntary activity
114
What is the gap between one neuron and the next called?
Synapse
115
Bunches of nerve tissue are called what?
Ganglia
116
The endocrine system is responsible for what?
Secretion of hormones
117
What are hormones
Body regulating chemicals secreted by glands
118
How are hormones carried throughout the body?
The bloodstream
119
What are the two systems of control?
The endocrine system and the nervous system
120
The pituitary gland is divided into two divisions?
Anterior and Posterior pituitary
121
What does the anterior pituitary produce?
```
FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)
LH(leutinizing hormone)
GH(growth hormone)
TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH
```
122
FSH
causes the development of the follicle in the ovary
123
LH
causes ovulation
124
Prolactin
Causes milk secretion
125
GH
has a general action on metabolism, and aids in growth regulation
126
TSH
causes the secretion of thyroxine
127
ACTH
causes the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
128
What does the posterior pituitary produce?
oxytocin
129
Oxytocin
causes uterine contractions
130
What does the pancreas produce?
Insulin
131
Insulin
Controls the level of sugar in the blood
132
The thyroid gland produces what?
thyroxine
133
Thyroxine
It is involved in metabolic control
134
Where are the two adrenal glands located?
In front of each kidney
135
What does the adrenal gland consist of?
Adrenal Cortex and the Adrenal Medulla
136
What does the Adrenal Cortex produce?
Cortisone
137
Cortisone
Affects the water content of tissues
138
What does the adrenal medulla produce
adrenaline
139
adrenaline
known as the "fight/flight" hormone, increases heart rate and the blood supply to muscles, and also affects sweating
140
What does the yellow body of the ovary produce?
Progesterone
141
Progesterone
Causes the changes of diestrus and pregnancy
142
What does the yellow body follicle of the ovary produce?
Estrogen
143
Estrogen
Causes estrus, or heat, and associated behavior
144
What is produced in the uterus?
Prostaglandin and PMSG
145
Prostaglandin
Stops the secretion of progesterone
146
PMSG( Pregnant Mare's Serum Gonadotrophin)
Maintains Pregnancy
147
The Pineal gland inhibits what?
Sex Drive
148
Steroid hormones are hormones that have a chemical structure of what?
4 carbon rings
149
What are some steroid hormones?
Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, and cortisone
150
Progesterone is secreted in non-pregnant mares where?
the yellow body of the ovary
151
Pregnant mares secrete progesterone where?
Placenta
152
Estrogens are hormones secreted by what
The lining of the follicles in the ovaries
153
The Cuboni test
It is used to diagnose pregnancy after 120 days, tests for estrogen in the urine
154
Estrogens include what?
estradiol, estrone sulphate, estrone, equenin, equilinin
155
What is the horses largest organ?
Skin
156
What is the skin's responsible for?
Protection, excretion, temperature control, synthesization of vitamin D, the sense of touch
157
Where is the skin thinnest and thickest?
thinnest on the face, thickest over the back
158
What are the skin's three layers?
epidermis, dermis, subcutis
159
What are the three layers of the epidermis?
stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum
160
What is the stratum corneum
the outer layer of the epidermis, it is made up of dead cells which are shed as dandruff
161
Where are new epidermal cells made?
the stratum germinativum, by mitosis, or cell division
162
What does the dermis contain?
vessels, nerves and sweat glands
163
Nerves in the skin can sense what?
pressure, pain, and temperature
164
What is the subcutis made up of?
fatty connective tissue, which loosely connects the skin to muscle
165
What muscle is responsible for shivering?
panniculus muscle which runs beneath the subcutis
166
What is panniculus also called?
fly twitcher
167
What are the five senses?
sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch
168
What are the sense organs?
eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin
169
What are the horses two visions?
Monocular and Binocular vision
170
Monocular vision?
The ability to look in different directions with each eye
171
Binocular vision
The ability to focus both eyes on a single object
172
What cavity is the eye found in?
Orbital cavity of the skull
173
The horse has how many eyelids?
three
174
What glands secrete tears?
The lacrimal glands
175
What is the conjunctiva?
A thin, pink, moist mucous membrane on the inside of the eyelids which turns into a layer of transparent cells forming part of the cornea in order to cover the front of the eye
176
What is the cornea?
A thick, tough, and transparent tissue which forms the anterior portion of the eyeball; at the outer edges it is continuous with the sclera
177
What is the sclera?
The white of the eye
178
What is the juncture of the cornea and sclera called?
Limbus
179
What is the iris?
The colored part of the anterior portion of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye
180
The pupil
The hole in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye
181
What is the fluid within he eye called?
vitreous humour
182
The optic nerve
It enters the eye at the back, passes through the sclera, and spreads to help form the retina
183
What are the three parts of the ear?
outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear
184
What is the secondary function of the ear?
To maintain equilibrium and inform the brain about the position of the head
185
What is the erect cartilaginous portion of the ear called
Outer ear or pinna
186
What does the middle ear consist of?
auditory system, which attaches the outer ear to the eardrum and inner ear
187
The middle ear is connected to the pharynx by what?
Eustachian tube, allowing for the equalization of air pressure
188
What are the three bones in the ear?
malleus, incus, and stapes
189
What is the inner ear also called?
Labyrinth
190
What is the main cavity of the inner ear?
vestibule
191
The inner ear consists of a series of membranous tubes which are filled with what fluid?
Endolymph
192
The inner ear is divided into two what divisions
Cochlea, which is responsible for hearing. Semicirular canals, which are responsible for balance.
193
What is the olfactory system is responsible for what?
Sense of smell
194
Wild horses used smell to do what?
Detect and avoid predators, find distant water holes, for reproduction
195
What do the nasal cavities include?
vomeronasel organs and Jacobsen's organs, which detect pheromones
196
Why do horses blow into each others noes when they greet each other?
They are memorizing one another's scent
197
Stallions can smell a mare in heat from how far away?
1/2 mile
198
How is taste detected?
By the tastebuds on the tongue
199
What are the four tastes that a horse can taste?
sweet, salty, sour, bitter
200
To get a more precise taste the horse has to what?
the interaction of smell
201
Bones are made up of what?
bone cells and minerals
202
What is a bone cell called?
osteocyte
203
What is most of the mineral matter of bone?
Calcium Phosphate
204
What are very dense bones called
compact bones
205
What are the 4 types of bone?
long, short, flat, irregular
206
Where are long bones called?
found in limbs, and include enlargements at each end for attachment of tendons and ligaments
207
Short bones include what?
pastern bones and coffin bones
208
Describe flat bones?
Large surface area, like the scapula and sternum
209
Irregular bones include what?
Those in vertebral column, and have a large number of projections
210
Red blood cells are produced where?
In the marrow of the long bones
211
What is the growth plate of a long bone called?
Epiphysis
212
The membrane which surrounds and protects a bone is called what?
Periosteum
213
Tendons connect what?
Muscle to bone
214
Ligaments connect what?
bone to bone
215
both tendons and ligaments are made up of what?
Connective Tissue
216
Articulations or joints are what?
Junctions between bones
217
What are the four types of joints?
Hinge, ball and socket, gliding, and immovable joints
218
Which joints do not allow any movement?
Immovable or fixed joints
219
The sutures in the skull are what joint?
Immovable joints, joining the plates of the skull together
220
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Fetlock
221
What are three types of muscles?
smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
222
Where can cardiac muscle be found?
In the heart
223
Where can smooth muscle be found?
Found in the alimentary canal, bladder, and other organs
224
Muscle fibers are surrounded by what?
A thin membrane sheaths called the sarcolemma
225
The horse has how many bones
Approximately 205 bones
226
The skull forms what?
Cranial cavity, which holds the brain
227
What is the eye socket called?
orbit
228
The lower jaw is called
The mandible
229
The summit of the occipital crest forms what?
The poll
230
The first cervical vertebrae is called what?
Atlas
231
The second cervical vertebrae is called what?
Axis
232
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Seven
233
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
Eighteen
234
What is the thoracic vertebrae also called?
Dorsal vertebrae
235
How many lumbar are there?
Six
236
The ribs protect what?
thoracic cavity
237
What are the bones of the foreleg?
scapula, humorous, ulna, radius, 7 carpal bones, cannon bone, 2 splint bones, 2 proximal sesamoids, long pastern bone, short pastern bone, coffin bone, navicular bone
238
What are the 6 joints of the foreleg?
shoulder, elbow, knee, fetlock, pastern, coffin joint
239
What are the 7 carpal bones?
Pyramidal bone, semilunar bone, radial carpal bone, trapezoid, os magnum, unciform, accessory carpal bone
240
The cannon bone is called what?
3rd metacarpus
241
The 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones are what?
Splint Bones
242
Where are the proximal sesamoids?
the 2 bones on the back of the fetlock
243
What is the proper name for the long pastern bone?
1st phalanx
244
What is the proper name for the short pastern bone?
2nd phalanx
245
The coffin bone is also known as the pedal bone also known as?
3rd phalanx
246
The navicular bone is also called what?
Distal sesamoid bone
247
What are the two bones within the hoof?
Navicular and the coffin bone
248
What are the bones of the hind leg?
pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsal bones, metatarsal, 2 splint bones, 2 proximal sesamoids, long pastern bone, short pastern bone, coffin bone, navicular bone
249
What are the three bones of the pelvis?
Ilium, pubis, ischium
250
What is the largest bone in the body?
Femur
251
What is the largest sesamoid bone?
patella
252
How many tarsal bones make up the tarsal?
7
253
What are the 7 joints in the hind leg?
sacro-iliac, hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin
254
What is the membrane covering a bone?
periosteum
255
What is the membrane covering the heart
pericardium
256
What is the membrane covering the digestive system?
Peritoneum
257
What is the membrane covering a cartilage?
Perichondrium
258
What is the membrane covering the root of a tooth?
Periodontal Membrane
259
What is the membrane covering the lungs?
Pleura
260
Caudal
the plane going towards the hindered. The rear portion
261
Cranial
The plane going towards the head end. The front portion
262
Distal
Further away from the main part of the body, furthest
263
Dorsal
Back surface or topline
264
Lateral
Away from the median plane. It is also the outside or external surface
265
Medial
Towards the middle of the body. The inner or more internal part
266
Palmer
The sole of the front hoof continuing up to the back of the knee
267
Plantar
The sole of the hind hoof continuing up to the back of the hock
268
Proximal
Closer to the body, or point of attachment
269
Rostral
Towards the nose
270
ventral
Underneath or belly side
