Functional Anatomy

Question 1

Name and explain the three types of muscles.

Answer 1

1. Skeletal- muscles we control (voluntary) eg. Bicep, tricep
2. Smooth- control automatic movements (involuntary) eg. Digestive system
3. Cardiac- muscles we can not control (involuntary) eg. Heart

Question 2

Provide 3 characteristics of fast twitch muscle fiver types.

Answer 2

• white
• anaerobic
• explosive

Eg. 100m sprint

Question 3

Provide 3 characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres.

Answer 3

• red
• aerobic
• endurance

Eg. Marathon

Question 4

What is excitability?

Answer 4

The ability of a muscle fibre to respond rapidly to a stimulating agent

Question 5

What is contractibility?

Answer 5

Muscle cells can react to a stimulus by shortening or decreasing their overall length.

Question 6

What is elasticity?

Answer 6

The ability of cells, surfaces and objects to ‘give’ and then return to their original state or shape

Question 7

What is the antagonistic pairs?

Answer 7

Two muscles that work together to create a movement.

Question 8

What is agonist?

Answer 8

It is the prime mover, the one that instigates the move. Eg. Bicep in a bicep curl.

Question 9

What is the antagonist?

Answer 9

The muscle that relaxes to allow the prime mover to work. Eg. The tricep in the the bicep curl.

Question 10

What is muscle fatigue?

Answer 10

When a muscle contracts it produces waste products which make the muscle more irritable; continued contraction causes the muscle to cramp and refuse to move.

Question 11

What is the origin?

Answer 11

The point at which the muscle attaches to the relatively fixed bone of its joint.

Question 12

What is insertion?

Answer 12

It is the end of the muscle attached to the freely moving bone.

Question 13

Explain the synovial joint.

Answer 13

It is the freely moveable joint.

Question 14

Explain a hinge joint.

Answer 14

It has only one axis and allows only flexion and extension. Eg. Knee, elbow.

Question 15

Name the four different types of bones. Provide 2 examples of each (if needed).

Answer 15

1. Long bones- femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, humerus
2. Short bones- carpels, tarsals
3. Flat bones- pelvis, sternum, scapula, frontal bone
4. Irregular bones- vertebrae column

Question 16

Explain a pivot joint.

Answer 16

Only one axis and allows rotation. Eg. Neck

Question 17

Explain a gliding joint.

Answer 17

Sideways, backwards and forwards movement. Eg. Wrist, ankle

Question 18

Explain the ball and socket joint.

Answer 18

Move in all directions. Eg. Shoulder, hip

Question 19

Explain a saddle joint.

Answer 19

Is bi axial and allows sideways, backwards and forwards movements. Eg. Thumb

Question 20

Name the types of joint movements.

Answer 20

• flextion (bending)
• extension (straightening)
• Dorsi flexion (toes towards tibia, flexing)
• planter flexion (pointing toes)
• pronation (palms down)
• supination (palms up)
• adduction (towards midline of the body)
• abduction (away from midline of the body)
• rotation (neck)
• circumduction (shoulder joint)
• inversion (inwards at the ankle)
• eversion (outwards at ankle)

Question 21

What do muscles do?

Answer 21

• produce movements
• produce body heat
• provide structural stability

Question 22

What is Heart rate?

Answer 22

The contraction of the heart walls per minute.

Question 23

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Answer 23

• deliver nutrients and remove waste product from cells

- helps maintain core body temperature (homeostasis)

Question 24

What are the two chambers? Provide an explanation of each.

Answer 24

• two atrium (right and left atrium); the two upper chambers of the heart.
• two ventricles (right and left ventricle); the two lower chambers of the heart.

Question 25

What is a pulse?

Answer 25

When the ventricles of the heart contract, the resulting thrust causes a pressure wave.

Question 26

What is systole?

Answer 26

The contraction of the atria and ventricles.

Question 27

What is diastole?

Answer 27

The relaxation of the atria and ventricles.

Question 28

What is blood pressure?

Answer 28

The pressure within arteries that is caused by the pumping action of the heart. Blood pressure measures the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood around the body.

Question 29

What is systolic blood pressure?

Answer 29

- the pressure measured when the heart ventricles contract. | - top number in a blood pressure measurement.

Question 30

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 30

- the pressure measured as the heart ventricles relax | - the bottom number in the blood pressure measurement

Question 31

What is the average blood pressure?

Answer 31

120/80

Question 32

List some factors that affect blood pressure.

Answer 32

- gender - time of day - stress levels

Question 33

What is the function of arteries?

Answer 33

They carry blood away from the heart. Carries oxygenated blood

Question 34

What is the function of veins?

Answer 34

They carry blood to the heart. Carries deoxygenated blood.

Question 35

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 35

This is where the gaseous exchange takes place, carbon dioxide and other excretory products are exchanged for oxygen.

Question 36

What is blood made up of?

Answer 36

- 45% blood cells | - 5% blood plasma

Question 37

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 37

- They are iron rich cells that carry oxygen around the body. - give blood it's red colour - produced in bone marrow - contain protein haemoglobin (carries oxygen to body tissue)

Question 38

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 38

- the body's defence system, fighting infection and building up the body's immunity - produced in bone marrow, lymph tissue and the spleen

Question 39

What is the function of blood?

Answer 39

- provides and controls the internal fluid surrounding the cells and through circulation distributions food, oxygen and other vital substances to the cells themselves - distributes hormones and hear and controls the temp of body - forms clots to prevent excess blood loss.

Question 40

What does the blood transport?

Answer 40

- oxygen from lungs to tissues - carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs - waste materials from tissues to the lungs - digested food from the ileum(final section of the small intestine) to tissues

Question 41

What are platelets?

Answer 41

Cells that help form blood clots to stop bleeding; produced in bone marrow

Question 42

What is the function of alveoli?

Answer 42

The body has more then 600 million air sacs. They have very thin walls to allow for the diffusion of gases. The surface of each alveoli is very vascular to help with gaseous exchange.

Question 43

What is the function of the lungs?

Answer 43

Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breathe.

Question 44

What is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 44

A dome shaped sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen. The most important muscle used for breathing.

Question 45

Explain inspiration in the diaphragm.

Answer 45

Breathing in. The diaphragm descends and the ribs rise causing the chest cavity size to increase, which causes air to rush into the lungs.

Question 46

Explain expiration in the diaphragm.

Answer 46

Breathing out. A decrease in the chest cavity size makes the diaphragm rise and the ribs lower, causing air to rush out of the lungs.