functional anatomy exam 1 terms and definitions Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Kinesiology
A
the study of movement and the forces that
create movement
2
Q
Kinematics
A
Branch of kinesiology that describes the
movement of a body or body part, without consideration for
the forces producing the motion.
◦ Arthrokinematics
◦ Osteokinematics
3
Q
Arthrokinematics
A
Descriptions of the
movement between two
bones at a joint.
4
Q
Osteokinematics
A
Descriptions of the
movement of bones.
5
Q
kinetics
A
A study of the effect of forces on the body.
6
Q
Elasticity
A
Connective tissues return to their previous length after stretching,
7
Q
Plasticity
A
Plasticity, or the quality of being plastic, refers to the
tissue’s ability to alter it’s shape/length
8
Q
Connective tissue is both
A
plastic and elastic
9
Q
Creep
A
Connective tissues that are
exposed to steady forces for a
long time will change shape
(shorten or elongate) in response
to these stresses
10
Q
Thixotrophy
A
Soft tissue is thixotrophic, which means that the ground substance changes from a firm gel to a liquid when it’s heated or warmed. ex) honey
11
Q
Tensile Strength
A
Soft tissue exhibits tensile strength. Tensile strength refers to the ability to withstand stresses in two opposing directions
12
Q
Piezoelectric Effect
A
Piezoelectricity is electricity that is caused from pressure. Soft tissues exhibit the generation of a slight electric charge when they are squeezed or compressed.
13
Q
Colloidal
A
A colloid is a material that has the property of resisting compression yet being malleable. It is found in materials that are composed of liquid with suspended particles
ex) cornstarch and water
14
Q
Compact bone
A
Very strong. Absorbs forces.
15
Q
Cancellous bone
A
Makes bone lighter.
16
Q
Metaphysis
A
transitional area
16
Q
Wolff’s Law
A
Bone will change its structure to adapt to stress.
16
Q
Epiphysis
A
◦ Wide area of bone at ends
◦ Epiphyseal plate separates it from shaft Epiphyseal
plate is where bone growth occurs
17
Q
Diaphysis
A
◦ Medullary canal – bone marrow is found here
◦ Endosteum lines the medullary canal
◦ Osteoclasts and blasts here remodel/heal bone
17
Q
Tendons
A
MUSCLE TO BONE
Purpose is to provide a method of attachment of a muscle
belly to the bone in order to move the bone.
Tendons are composed of connective tissue that is arranged in a parallel alignment to resist stress in one
17
Q
Ligaments
A
BONE TO BONE
Purpose is generally to stabilize a joint.
Ligaments are composed of connective tissue that is
arranged in a cross-hatched alignment to provide tensile strength.
17
Q
Aponeurosis
A
Aponeurosis is a broad, flat tendon that serves as a means to connect muscle to bone.
17
Q
- Flexion
- Extension
A
- angle of a joint becomes smaller;
occurs in sagittal plane - opposite movement
18
Q
Hyperextension
A
Genu recurvatum
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1. Abduction
2. Adduction
1. movement away from the center of
the body in a frontal plane
2. opposite movement/ towards the body
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Internal rotation
also called Medial Rotation. Two points on
anterior surface come closer together. occurs on transeverse plane
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External rotation
also called Lateral Rotation. Two points on
posterior surface come closer together. occurs on the transverse plane
22
1. Pronation
2. Supination
ex) foot and hand
1. turning of foot
or hand so that palmar
surface is toward posterior.
2. turning of foot
or hand so that palmar
surface is toward anterior.
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1. Dorsiflexion
2. Plantar flexion
ex) ankle
1. top of foot
comes closer to front of shin.
2. bottom of foot
comes closer to back of leg.
saggittal planee
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1. Horizontal abduction
2. Horizontal adduction
1. Movement away from the
body in a horizontal
plane.
2. Movement toward the
body in a horizontal plane
transverse plane
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1. Inversion
2. Eversion
ex) feet
1. turning of
the sole of the foot inward
at the ankle.
2. opposite movement. Sole of the
foot moves outward.
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1. Protraction
2. Retraction
ex) head and scapula movements
1. arm (and with it the
scapula) or head move forward away
from body in the transverse plane.
2. opposite movement
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1. Radial deviation
2. Ulnar deviation
ex) wrist
1. movement of the hand
toward the radial side/thumb
2. movement of the hand
toward the ulnar side/pinky
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Circumduction
ex) Shoulder and hip
A combination
movement, in which the
motion makes the shape of
a cone.
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Spinal Movements
Flexion/extension
Lateral bending or side bending
Rotation
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You may be moving into extension of the elbow, but be in a
position of flexion.
You are flexed, but extending...
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Relationship Terms:
Medial/Lateral
Anterior/Posterior
Dorsal/Ventral
Superior/Inferior
Superficial/Deep
Proximal/Distal
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Sagittal Plane –
Frontal Plane –
Transverse Plane –
– flexion/extension
– abduction/adduction
– rotation
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two ways to classify joints
function and structure
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joint classification- function
Synarthrosis – allowing little or no movement
Amphiarthrosis – allowing limited movement
Diarthrosis – freely moveable
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joint classification- structure
Fibrous – no space, dense tissue holds together
Cartilaginous – no space, held together by cartilage
Synovial – space, held together by a joint capsule
36
Types of Synovial Joints
- The number of planes a joint moves in is called the “degrees of freedom” in a joint.
Nonaxial – carpals – 0 degrees of freedom
Uniaxial –elbow – 1 degree of freedom
Biaxial – wrist, knee – 2 degrees of freedom
Triaxial – hip, shoulder – 3 degrees of freedom
37
7 synovial joint classifications based on joint SHAPE:
Happy People Enjoy Big Parties, Sunny Celebrations
1. HINGE
2. PIVOT
3. ELLIPSOID
4. BALL AND SOCKET
5. PLANE
6. SADDLE
7. CONDYLOID
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Hinge Joint
o Shaped like a door hinge
o One degree of freedom
o Joint between the humerus and ulna
is an example
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Pivot Joint
o Allows rotation around long axis of bone
o Allows one degree of freedom
o Proximal radio-ulnar joint is an example
o Book uses analogy of doorknob
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Ellipsoid Joint
o Elongated convex and concave surfaces
o Allows two degrees of freedom
o Radiocarpal joint is example
o Book uses analogy of an egg in your palm
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Ball and Socket Joint
o Ball and matching cup-like socket
o Allows for three degrees of freedom
o Shoulder and hip are examples
42
Plane Joint
o Articulation between two flat surfaces
of bone.
o Joints slide on each other
o Zero degrees of freedom – nonaxial.
o Joints between the carpals are an
example.
o Book uses the analogy of sliding a book
on a table
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Saddle Joint
o Joint surface is concave in one
direction, and convex in the other. Has
an articulating surface that matches
o Allows for two degrees of freedom
o CMC joints are example
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Condyloid Joint
o Articulation between large rounded
convex end of bone with relatively flat
surface.
o Allows for two degrees of freedom
o Knee joint is an example.
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Joints must be both
mobile and stable
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Mobility
Depends on shape of joint (degrees of freedom), design of surrounding connective tissue, muscle pull
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Stability (two types)
* Passive restraint – provided by ligaments, joint capsule, fascia
* Active restraint – provided by muscles and tendons
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Arthrokinematics
Descriptions of the movement between two bones at a joint
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Movements that can occur on a joint:
Roll – like a wheel on the ground
Spin – like a top, spin occurs around the long axis of the bone
Glide or slide – like a tire with brakes applied on ice
Traction/distraction – pulling apart of joint surfaces
Approximation/compression – bringing together of joint surfaces
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End Feel
the feeling at the end of a joint’s motion
51
Bony (hard)
end range extension of elbow
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Capsular
(firm but some give) – accompanied with loss of ROM
53
Empty (no resistance)
patient asks to stop the motion, though no palpable barrier is felt
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concave on convex
opposite- superior rolling inferior sliding
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convex on concave
opposite direction
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Close-packed
position where
joint surfaces are most in
contact with each other.
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Loose-packed
position where
joint surfaces are least in
contact with each other.
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The kinetic chain refers to your
upper extremity (shoulders, elbows, wrists, and
fingers) in a chain of joints,
lower extremities (hips, knees, ankles, and
feet) in a chain
59
Open chain movements
occur when your feet/hands are free to
move, and your hips/shoulders are moving less or not at all. Distal portion is
moving, proximal portion is stationary.
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Closed chain movements
occur when your feet/hands are
relatively fixed, and your hips/shoulders are moving more. Distal portion is
stationary, proximal portion is moving
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Skeletal muscle
moves the bones
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Smooth muscle
lines the walls of your
arteries and intestines
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cardiac muscle
heart
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Muscle Anatomy- Many Fast Mice Move Swiftly
MUSCLE- Wrapped in epimysium
FASCICLES – bundles in muscle wrapped in perimysium)
MYOFIBERS (“muscle fibers”) – many make up fascicles- Cellular level-Wrapped in endomysium
MYOBIBRILS – made up of actin and myosin myofilaments
SARCOMERES – one contractile unit of muscle between Z lines
64
Sarcomere
single section of myofibril between Z-lines
containing actin and myosin; one contractile unit
65
Sliding filament theory
actin and myosin myofilaments form
and break bonds, and in the
process slide one over the
other, when a muscle shortens
as it contracts.
66
Excursion of a Muscle
The degree that a muscle can change in
length
Generally a muscle can shorten or
elongate by half of its resting length
Ex: If resting length is 8”, then it can be
stretched to 12” or shortened
(contracted) to 4”. So it’s excursion is 8”
67
1. Origin
2. Insertion
1. attachment that is least
moveable. Usually, this is the
proximal end.
2. attachment that is
most moveable. Usually this is
the distal end. Both ends move toward the center.
68
Fusiform
(muscle shapes)
Provide lots of
ROM, but not strong by shape
69
Triangular
(muscle shapes)
Origin is large,
insertion is small, which is
good for force production
70
Rhomboidal
(muscle shapes)
Large origin
and insertion make them good
stabilizer and good at force
production
71
Pennate
(muscle shapes)
Diagonal orientation
of fibers give it very good
strength, but little ROM offered
72
Strap
(muscle shapes)
provides contraction over a
large range of motion, but unable
to generate as much force as a pennate
muscle
73
Length-Tension Relationship
A muscle is stronger mid range compared to
being shortened or lengthened
-Due to number of sarcomeres available to
“help out.”
74
active insufficiency
The muscle becomes too short to
allow for further contraction.
ex) not being able to kick your foot back as far without pulling it with your arm
-Due to length-tension relationship of
muscle, in a two-joint muscle it is not
possible to actively shorten the muscle
over both joints
75
passive insufficiency
Due to length-tension relationship of
muscle, in a two-joint muscle it is not
possible to actively shorten the muscle
over both joints
ex) when touching your toes, you can get closer to the ground by bending your knees than with your legs straight/extended
76
Eccentric Contraction
Muscle contraction in which
the muscle length is
lengthening. Muscle is acting to
lower a load, slow down
movement, or absorb forces
77
Concentric Contraction
Muscle contraction in which the
muscle length is shortening.
Muscle is acting to lift a load.
78
Isometric Contraction
Muscle contraction in which the muscle
length is not changing. Muscle is acting to
stabilize or hold a load.
79
Motor Units
A motor unit is a nerve fiber and the
muscle fibers it innervates.
Motor units are spread out within a
muscle to ensure that when a motor
unit contracts, it doesn’t happen on
just one side of the muscle.
80
“All or None Principle”
of Muscle Contraction
When a motor nerve fires, ALL of the muscle fibers
that it innervates will contract. None are permitted to
stay relaxed.
81
Recruitment
Recruitment refers to the number of
motor units that are activated. As more
strength is needed, more motor units are
recruited to fire simultaneously.
82
Wave Summation
“The pace at which nerve signals
are fired through a motor unit.”
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Type I
types of fibers
slow twitch fibers. These fibers are slow to contract, but
fatigue slowly. Made for sustained contractions and endurance.
84
Type IIA
types of fibers
larger fast twitch fibers. Contract more rapidly than Type I,
but fatigue more rapidly. Made for more powerful contractions and
strength.
85
Type IIB (aka IIx)
types of fibers
largest, and most powerful fibers. Fire rapidly but
fatigue very quickly. Explosive contractions
86
Agonist
the muscle that causes the movement. Also
called the prime mover.
87
Antagonist
the muscle that performs the opposite
motion of the agonist. When agonist contracts, the
antagonist must length by relaxing or eccentrically
contracting.
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Synergist
a muscle that assists the prime mover by
stabilizing, providing weak assistance, or neutralizing
unwanted movement. Ex: gastrocnemius, gracilis,
Sartorius assist in knee flexion.
89
Co-contraction
when the agonist and antagonist
contract at the same time
90
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Controller of all movement. (CNS)
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
sensory and motor nerves that run between the CNS
and the body. (PNS)
92
Autonomic nervous system
lies beside the spinal cord and controls blood vessels,
organs, glands.
Includes sympathetic (fight or flight) and
parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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synapse
the junction
between neurons,
where one nerve cell
tells other nerve cells
what’s up
94
Neuromuscular junction
where a motor nerve
synapses with a muscle
fiber
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Golgi Tendon Organ
◦ Inhibitory sensor found at
the musculo-tendinous
junction.
◦ Notifies spinal cord of
tension in the
muscle/tendon.
◦ Response is muscle
relaxation to protect against
damage.
96
Muscle Spindle
◦ Specialized muscle fiber that is
sensitive to stretch.
◦ Notifies the spinal cord about
velocity of stretch and the
amount of stretch.
◦ Response to rapid stretch is to
contract muscle to prevent
overstretch damage.
97
Ruffini end organs
activated when joint is in motion or static; slower response
97
Pacinian corpuscles
sense fast pressure changes around joint capsule; active
during movement only
98
Reflex
automatic response to
stimuli that requires no conscious
thought
99
Reflex arc
the pathway followed
by nerve impulses to produce a
response
100
Stretch reflex
stretch of tendon
causes muscle to contract; protects
muscle by shortening it to avoid
over-stretching
101
Reciprocal Inhibition
“I can’t shorten if you don’t lengthen.”
