FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY - Sensory Inputs and Motor Outputs

Question 1

What are the three functional classifications of neurones?

Answer 1

Sensory (afferent) neurones
Inter-neurones
Motor (efferent) neurones

Question 2

What is the dendritic zone?

Answer 2

The receptive surface of a neurone

Question 3

What is the dendritic zone of sensory (afferent) neurones?

Answer 3

Sensory receptor

Question 4

What are the three classifications of sensory receptors?

Answer 4

Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors

Question 5

What are exteroceptors?

Answer 5

Exteroceptors are sensory receptors on or close to the body’s surface and detect changes in the external environment

Question 6

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 6

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors which sense movement of muscles, tendons and joints

Question 7

What are interoceptors?

Answer 7

Interoceptors are sensory receptors located in the viscera and thus sense changes in the internal environment

Question 8

How are sensory (afferent) neurones classified in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Answer 8

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) the sensory (afferent) neurones are classified based on the location of the dendritic zone (sensory receptor) within the body

Question 9

What are the two main classifications of the sensory (afferent) neurones in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 9

Somatic afferent neurones
Visceral afferent neurones

Question 10

What is the difference between somatic and visceral afferent neurones?

Answer 10

The dendritic zone of somatic afferent neurones is located on or near the surface of the body, whereas the dendritic zone of visceral afferent neurones is located in the viscera

Question 11

What are the two subdivisions of somatic afferent neurones?

Answer 11

General somatic afferent (GSA) neurones
Special somatic afferent (SSA) neurones

Question 12

Which four sensory stimuli are detected by general somatic afferent (GSA) neurones?

Answer 12

Touch
Temperature
Pain
Proprioception

Question 13

Which cranial nerves have general somatic afferent (GSA) neurones?

Answer 13

Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal nerve)
Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)

Question 14

Which spinal nerves have general somatic afferent (GSA) neurones?

Answer 14

All spinal nerves

Question 15

Which two sensory stimuli are detected by special somatic afferent (GSA) neurones?

Answer 15

Vision
Sound

Question 16

Which two cranial nerves have special somatic afferent (SSA) neurones?

Answer 16

Cranial nerve II (Optic nerve)
Cranial nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)

Question 17

What are the two subdivisions of visceral afferent neurones?

Answer 17

General visceral afferent (GVA) neurones
Special visceral afferent (SVA) neurones

Question 18

Which three sensory stimuli are detected by general visceral afferent (GVA) neurones?

Answer 18

Organ content
Distention
Chemicals

Question 19

Which three cranial nerves have general visceral afferent (GVA) neurones?

Answer 19

Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)
Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)
Cranial nerve X (Vagus nerve)

Question 20

Which spinal nerves have general visceral afferent (GSA) neurones?

Answer 20

All spinal nerves

Question 21

Which two sensory stimuli are detected by special visceral afferent (SVA) neurones?

Answer 21

Olfaction (smell)
Taste

Question 22

Which four cranial nerves have special visceral afferent (SVA) neurones?

Answer 22

Cranial nerve I (Olfactory nerve)
Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)
Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Cranial nerve X (Vagus nerve)

Question 23

What are sensory spinal tracts?

Answer 23

Sensory spinal tracts are neural pathways in the spinal cord which transmit sensory information from the periphery to the brain

Question 24

List four sensory spinal tracts

Answer 24

Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Spinocerebellar tracts
Spinothalamic tracts

Question 25

What sensory information is transported from the spinal cord to the brain by the fasciculus gracilis?

Answer 25

Proprioceptive information from the hindlimbs

Question 26

What sensory information is transported from the spinal cord to the brain by the fasciculus cuneatus?

Answer 26

Proprioceptive information from the forelimbs

Question 27

In which anatomical region of the brain does the spinocerebellar tracts transport sensory information to?

Answer 27

Cerebellum

Question 28

In which anatomical region of the brain does the spinothalamic tracts transport sensory information to?

Answer 28

Thalamus

Question 29

What is the dendritic zone of motor (efferent) neurones?

Answer 29

Dendrites

Question 30

How are motor (efferent) neurones classified in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Answer 30

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) the motor (efferent) neurones are classified based on the location of the axon terminal within the body

Question 31

What are the two classifications of the motor (efferent) neurones in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 31

General somatic efferent (GSE) neurones General visceral efferent (GVE) neurones

Question 32

What is the different between general somatic and general visceral efferent neurones?

Answer 32

The axon terminals of general somatic efferent (GSE) neurones are located in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibres, however the axon terminals of general visceral efferent (GVE) fibres are located in smooth muscle fibres

Question 33

Which cranial nerves have general somatic efferent (GSE) neurones?

Answer 33

All cranial nerves except I, II and VIII

Question 34

Which spinal nerves have general somatic efferent (GSE) neurones?

Answer 34

All spinal nerves

Question 35

Which cranial nerves have general visceral efferent (GSE) neurones?

Answer 35

Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor nerve) Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve) Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve) Cranial nerve X (Vagus nerve) Cranial nerve XI (Accessory nerve)

Question 36

Which spinal nerves have general visceral efferent (GSE) neurones?

Answer 36

All spinal nerves

Question 37

What are motor spinal tracts?

Answer 37

Motor spinal tracts are neuronal pathways within the spinal cord which transmit motor information from the brain to the periphery

Question 38

List five motor spinal tracts

Answer 38

Corticospinal tracts Rubrospinal tracts Reticulospinal tracts Vestibulospinal tracts Tectospinal tracts

Question 39

From where in the brain does the corticospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

Answer 39

Cerebral cortex

Question 40

From where in the brain does the rubrospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

Answer 40

Red nucleus in the brainstem

Question 41

From where in the brain does the reticulospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

Answer 41

Reticular formation in the brainstem

Question 42

From where in the brain does the vestibulospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

Answer 42

Vestibular nuclei in the brainstem

Question 43

From where in the brain does the tectospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

Answer 43

Tectum region of the brainstem

Question 44

What is the main test used to assess proprioception?

Answer 44

Proprioceptive placing

Question 45

Describe the proprioceptive placing test

Answer 45

Flex the paw so the dorsal surface is on the floor and the animal should immediately return the paw to the normal position

Question 46

What is the disadvantage of proprioceptive testing?

Answer 46

Proprioceptive testing identifies that the problem is neurological, however it does not localise the lesion

Question 47

What are the four tests that can be used to assess motor function?

Answer 47

Gait Muscle tone assessment Patellar reflex Withdrawal reflex

Question 48

Describe the grading scale for spinal cord injuries

Answer 48

0: Normal 1: Pain 2: Ambulatory paresis (weak but can walk) 3. Non-ambulatory paresis (cannot walk) 4. Plegia (paralysis) 5: Plegia with an absent pain sensation