FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Question 1

group of atoms which determines how an organic molecule reacts

Answer 1

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Question 2

the center of reactivity in an organic molecule

Answer 2

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Question 3

organic compounds that are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Answer 3

HYDROCARBONS

Question 4

A key structural feature is stable carbon-to-carbon bonds.

Answer 4

HYDROCARBONS

Question 5

contain only single bonds

Answer 5

Alkanes

Question 6

contain at least one double bond

Answer 6

Alkenes

Question 7

contain at least one triple bond

Answer 7

Alkynes

Question 8

hydrocarbons

Answer 8

Aromatic

Question 9

the molecular geometry of each carbon atom in it is tetrahedral.

Answer 9

ALKANES

Question 10

The bonding may be described as involving sp³ hybridized orbitals on the carbon

Answer 10

ALKANES

Question 11

Rotation about a carbon–carbon single bond is relatively easy and occurs rapidly at room temperature.

Answer 11

ALKANES

Question 12

a long-chain ____ molecule is constantly undergoing motions that cause it to change its overall shape

Answer 12

ALKANES

Question 13

Any of two or more substances that are composed of the same elements in the same proportions but differ in properties because of differences in the arrangement of atoms.

Answer 13

ISOMERS

Question 14

Double bonds can exist

designated by using either the cis / trans designation or the more flexible E / Z designation.

Answer 14

GEOMETRIC ISOMERS

Question 15

have the two largest groups are on the same side of the double bond (left structure)

Answer 15

cis Isomers

Question 16

have the two largest groups are on opposite sides of the double bond (right structure).

Answer 16

trans Isomers

Question 17

the higher priority groups are opposite one another relative to the double bond.

Answer 17

E = entgegan (“trans”)

Question 18

the higher priority groups are on the same side relative to the double bond.

Answer 18

Z = zusamen (“cis”)

Question 19

the C☰C bond is at the carbon at the end of the carbon chain

Answer 19

terminal alkyne

Question 20

the C☰C bond is in the middle of the carbon chain

Answer 20

internal alkyne

Question 21

Complete combustion of any hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 21

Alkanes: Combustion

Question 22

Combustion is easier when the reactants are well mixed as gases

Answer 22

Alkanes: Combustion

Question 23

For a reactant in liquid state the volatility of the reactant is important

Answer 23

Alkanes: Combustion

Question 24

Evidence of complete combustion is the burning of a blue flame. However, combustion tends to be less complete as the number of carbon atoms in the molecules rises.

Answer 24

Alkanes: Combustion

Question 25

is a substitution reaction where one or more hydrogens in an organic compound is replaced with a halogen

Answer 25

Halogenation

Question 26

One complication is that all the hydrogen atoms of an alkane may undergo substitution, resulting in a mixture of products, as shown in the following unbalanced equation.

Answer 26

Alkanes: Halogenation

Question 27

The relative amounts of the various products depend on the proportion of the two reactants used.

Answer 27

Alkanes: Halogenation

Question 28

Most common chemical reaction is the addition reaction

Answer 28

Reactions of Alkenes

Question 29

Numerous organic and inorganic substances add to the double bond functional group

Answer 29

Reactions of Alkenes

Question 30

such as HCl, HBr, HI & H2SO4, it rapidly add to the C=C functional group of alkenes to give products in which new covalent bonds are formed to hydrogen and to the conjugate base of the acid

Answer 30

Brønsted acids

Question 31

When addition reactions to such unsymmetrical alkenes are carried out, we find that one of the two possible constitutionally isomeric products is formed preferentially

Answer 31

regioselectivity

Question 32

When a Brønsted acid, HX, adds to an unsymmetrically substituted double bond, the acidic hydrogen of the acid bonds to the carbon of the double bond that has the greater number of hydrogen atoms already attached to it.

Answer 32

The Markovnikov Rule:

Question 33

These acids do not react with alkanes. As such, it must be the pi-electrons of the alkene double bond that serve as the base (proton acceptors).

Answer 33

Brønsted acids

Question 34

generates a carbocation intermediate (the conjugate acid of the alkene) which then combines rapidly with the anionic conjugate base of the Brønsted acid

Answer 34

acid-base equilibrium

Question 35

formed in the first step of the addition reaction assumes a key role, in that it directly influences the activation energy for this step.

Answer 35

carbocation intermediate

Question 36

states that the transition state of a reaction resembles either the reactants or the products, to which it is closer in energy.

Answer 36

Hammond's postulate

Question 37

When an unsymmetrically substituted double bond is protonated, we expect , _________________,because the activation energy of the path to the former is the lower of the two possibilities.

Answer 37

more stable carbocation intermediate to be formed faster than the less stable alternative,

Question 38

a type of organic reaction wherein an unsaturated reactant becomes a saturated product

Answer 38

Addition Reaction

Question 39

Addition of halogens to the alkyne haloalkanes are formed

Answer 39

Halogenation Reaction

Question 40

full reduction to an alkane

Answer 40

Reduction Reaction

Question 41

reacts with H2 and the metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni

Answer 41

Reduction Reaction

Question 42

break every pi bond and add H atoms for a fully saturated alkane

Answer 42

Reduction Reaction

Question 43

has a partial reduction to an alkene

Answer 43

Reduction Reaction

Question 44

an internal alkyne can give you cis or trans alkene depending on the reaction conditions

Answer 44

Reduction Reaction

Question 45

reduction reaction that produces a cis product (syn addition)

Answer 45

H2 and Lindlar’s catalyst

Question 46

reduction reaction that produces a trans product

Answer 46

product of Na and NH3 (l)

Question 47

a type of organic reaction wherein the molecule is hydrated by adding H2O

Answer 47

Hydration Reaction

Question 48

an alcohol bonded to a vinyl carbon

Answer 48

enol

Question 49

for terminal alkynes, the first hydration product

Answer 49

enol

Question 50

enol isomerizes to the formation of a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)

Answer 50

Hydration Reaction

Question 51

a chemical equilibrium that occurs in Hydration Reactions

Answer 51

keto-enol tautomerization