Functional Groups

Question 1

What is a functional group?

Answer 1

A conserved arrangement of atoms commonly found in molecules which impart similar properties

Question 2

Why is the functional group important?

Answer 2

1) Part of molecules which is important for reactions to occur

2) Predict chemical reactivity

Question 3

What is a carbonyl group?

Answer 3

A carbon - oxygen double bond

Question 4

Functional group of an alkane?

Answer 4

Carbon - Carbon single bond

Question 5

Functional group of an alkene?

Answer 5

Carbon - Carbon double bond

Question 6

Functional group of an alkyne?

Answer 6

Carbon - Carbon triple bond

Question 7

What are alkynes which are end of chain called?

Answer 7

Terminal alkynes

Question 8

What are the bond angles of Alkyne carbons and why?

Answer 8

Bond angles = 180 degrees
Why? = Because alkyne carbons are sp hybridised

Question 9

Functional group of alcohols?

Answer 9

C - OH

Question 10

What are the classifications of alcohols?

Answer 10

• Primary (1°) Alcohol
• Secondary (2°) Alcohol
• Tertiary (3°) Alcohol
• Phenol

Question 11

How are Primary (1°) Alcohols defined?

Answer 11

Have 2 (or 3) adjacent C-H bonds
(Hydrogens attached to the same carbon the hydroxy group is attached to)

E.g ethanol and n-propanol

Question 12

How are Secondary (2°) alcohols defined?

Answer 12

Have 1 adjacent C - H bond
(Hydrogens attached to the same carbon the hydroxy group is attached to)

E.g. isopropanol

Question 13

How are Tertiary (3°) Alcohols defined?

Answer 13

Have no adjacent C - H bonds
(Hydrogens attached to the carbon the hydroxy group is attached to)

E.g. t-butanol

Question 14

What is a Phenol?

Answer 14

A hydroxy group directly bonded to a benzene ring
E.g. 4-methylphenol

Question 15

Functional group of an Ether?

Answer 15

Carbon-Oxygen-Carbon bond C-O-C
(Providing neither bears a carbonyl)

Question 16

What is a special case of an ether?

Answer 16

Epoxides

Question 17

What are Epoxides?

Answer 17

3-membered cyclic ethers which are reactive

E.g ethylene oxide

Question 18

Functional group of an Amine?

Answer 18

Carbon-Nitrogen bond (C- NR2)
(Providing the C or R does not also bear a carbonyl)

E.g. ethalamine

Question 19

What are the classifications of amines?

Answer 19

• Primary (1°) Amines
• Secondary (2°) Amines
• Tertiary (3°) Amines

Question 20

How are Primary (1°) defined?

Answer 20

Have 2 N-H bonds
E.g. Ethalamine

Question 21

How are Secondary (2°) Amines defined?

Answer 21

Have 1 N-H bond
E.g. Diethalamine

Question 22

How are Tertiary (3°) Amines defined?

Answer 22

Have no N-H bonds
E.g. DIPEA

Question 23

Functional Group of a Nitrile?

Answer 23

Carbon-Nitrogen triple bond
(Can be abbreviated a CN)

Question 24

What is another name for Nitrile which is often used interchangeably?

Answer 24

Cyanide

Question 25

What are the bond angles of nitrile?

Answer 25

180 ° therefore linear

Question 26

Functional Group of a Nitro?

Answer 26

NO2 group

Question 27

What is the structure of a Nitro group

Answer 27

Structure is the average of two resonance forms

Question 28

Functional group of Alkyl halide?

Answer 28

Carbon - X group ( x = halide e.g. F, Cl, Br, I) E.g. Iodomethane

Question 29

What is the classification system of Alkyl halides?

Answer 29

- Primary (1°) alkyl halides - Secondary (2°) alkyl halides - Tertiary (3°) alkyl halides

Question 30

How are Primary (1°) Alkyl Halides defined?

Answer 30

Have 2 or 3 adjacent C-H bonds (Hydrogens attached to the Carbon attached to the Halide) E.g. Iodomethane

Question 31

How are Secondary (2°) Alkyl Halides defined?

Answer 31

Have 1 adjacent C-H bonds E.g. 2-chloropropane

Question 32

How are Tertiary (3°) Alkyl Halides defined?

Answer 32

Have no adjacent C-H bonds E.g. t-butyl bromide

Question 33

Functional Group of an Aldehyde?

Answer 33

Carbonyl flanked by and C and 1 or 2 H’s Abbreviation = -CHO E.g. Ethanal

Question 34

Functional Group of a Ketone?

Answer 34

Carbonyl flanked by 2 C’s Abbreviation = -CO- E.g. Acetone

Question 35

Functional Group of a Carboxilic acid?

Answer 35

Carbonyl flanked by a C (or H) and an OH group Abbreviation = -CO2H E.g.

Question 36

Functional Group of an Ester?

Answer 36

Carbonyl flanked by a C (or H) and an O-C bond Abbreviation = CO2R E.g

Question 37

Functional Group of an Amide?

Answer 37

Carbonyl flanked by a C or H and a N Abbreviation = -CONR2

Question 38

What is the classification system of Amides?

Answer 38

- Primary (1°) amides - Secondary (2°) amides - Tertiary (3°) amides

Question 39

How are Primary (1°) amines defined?

Answer 39

2 N-H bonds

Question 40

How are Secondary (2°) amides defined?

Answer 40

1 N-H bond

Question 41

How are Tertiary (3°) Amides defined?

Answer 41

0 N-H bonds

Question 42

Functional group of an Acyl halide?

Answer 42

- Carbonyl flanked by a C and a halogen (X) - Abbreviation = - COX E.g. acyl fluoride

Question 43

By what other name do acyl halides go by?

Answer 43

- Acid Halide

Question 44

What do acyl halides hydrolyse to on contact with water?

Answer 44

Carboxilic acids