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Functional histology of GIT Flashcards

1
Q

DESCRIBE MUCOSA OF STOMACH

  1. CELL TYPE
  2. OTHER FEATURES
  3. 3 DISTINCT HISTOLOGICAL ZONES
A

1.Simple columnar epithelia

2. gastric pits 
Gastric glands (2/3/4)  - open into gastric pits
  1. 3 distinct histological zones
    Cardia – small area
    Fundus and body
    Pylorus
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2
Q

11 CELLS OF GASTRIC GLAND

A
  1. Surface mucous cells
  2. Mucous neck cells
  3. Parietal or oxyntic cells
  4. Chief cells or zymogenic cells
  5. Neuroendocrine cells
  6. Enterochromafin Cells
  7. Ghrelinergic cells
  8. G cells
  9. Delta cells
  10. Stem cells
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3
Q

Surface mucous cells

A

Secrete bicarbonate and mucous

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4
Q

Mucous neck cells

function

A

Secrete mucous

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5
Q

Parietal or oxyntic cells

  1. how to tell that it apart from other cells?
  2. function
A
  1. Extensive eosinophilic cytoplasm

2. Secrete HCl & intrinsic factor

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6
Q

Chief cells or zymogenic cells

  1. how to tell that it apart from other cells?
  2. function
A
  1. Basophilic cytoplasm due to large amt. of rER.

2. Secrets pepsinogen and lipase

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7
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

function

A

Secrete Somatostatin, serotonin, gastrin, histamine, ghrelin

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8
Q

Enterochromafin cells

function

A

secrete Serotonin

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9
Q

Ghrelinergic cells

  1. Where can it be found in the Stomach?
  2. Function
A
  1. fundus and pylorusSecretes 2. Ghrelin when stomach is empty
    and Stimulates hypothalamus to increase hunger and increase gastric acid secretion and GI motility.
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10
Q

G cells

  1. Where can it be found in the Stomach?
  2. Function
A
  1. pylorus

2. Secrete gastrin which Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

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11
Q

Delta cells

  1. Where can it be found in the stomach?
  2. Function
A

1.pylorus
2. Produce somatostatin which
directly acts on parietal cells to reduce HCl secretion

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12
Q

Fundus / Body

  1. Described gastric pits
  2. Described gastric glands
  3. What do the glands consist of? (3)
A
  1. Gastric pits are shallow
  2. Gastric glands are long.
  3. chief cells, parietal cells, mucous neck cells
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13
Q

Pylorus

  1. Described gastric pits
  2. Described gastric glands
  3. What do the glands consist of?
A
  1. Gastric pits are deep.
  2. Pyloric glands are short.
  3. Glands consists of mucous secreting cell and neuroendocrine cells
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14
Q
  1. what does Muscularis externa of stomach consist of?

2. What does serosa consist of?

A

1.Inner oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

  1. Serosa – lining of mesothelium
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15
Q

Describe cells in Gastro-oesophageal junction

A

Abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar glandular secretory mucosa

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16
Q

Describe the mucosa in the small intestine

A

circular folds/plicae circulares

Epithelia – simple columnar with few goblet cells

Villi – surface projection from epithelial surface

Lamina propria – with crypt of Lieberkuhn/ intestinal glands , lymphocytes , payer’s patches (ileum)

Muscularis mucosae

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17
Q

Describe the submucosa of the small intestines

A

Loose areolar tissue, plexus of blood vessels , lymphocytes

Meissner’s plexus of nerves – signals glands to secrete

Brunner’s gland – duodenum

Payer’s patches – Ileum

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18
Q

Describe Muscular coat Of small intestines

A

Outer longitudinal smooth muscles
Inner circular smooth muscles
Myenteric (Auerbach’s ) plexus of nerves – controls peristalsis

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19
Q

What is the outermost layer of the small Intestines?

A

Serosa or Adventitia

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20
Q

3 Modifications for absorption in Small Intestine

A
  1. Circular folds (Plicae circularis/ Valves of Kerckring)
  2. Villi
  3. Microvilli
21
Q
  1. what are Circular folds ?

2. function

A
  1. deep permanent folds of mucosa with a core of submucosa , about 1cm tall
  2. force chyme to spiral through the lumen, slowing its movement and allowing time for full nutrient absorption.
22
Q

what are Villi ?

what type of cells in villi?

what does the core of vili contain?

A

Finger-like projections of mucosa, about 1mm high
epithelial cells of villi (enterocytes) are chiefly absorptive columnar cells
core of villi contains dense capillary bed and wide lymphatic capillary called lacteal.

23
Q

Microvilli function

A

give the mucosal surface a fuzzy appearance called brush border.

24
Q
  1. Small intestine - cells
A
  1. Surface Absorptive cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Enteroendocrine cells
  4. Paneth cells
  5. Intestinal crypts Epithelial cells
  6. M cells
25
Surface Absorptive cells
Uptake digested nutrients
26
Goblet cells 1. number of cells 2. function
1. number increases from duodenum to ileum | 2. Secrete mucus that lubricates chyme
27
Enteroendocrine cells function
Secrete hormones (secretin & cholecystokinin)
28
Paneth cells function
Releases antimicrobial enzymes such as defesins and lysozyme
29
Intestinal crypts Epithelial cells | function
Secrete intestinal juice
30
M cells (microfold cells function
endocytosis of antigens from the lumen and transport to the underlying lymphoid tissue where immune response is initiated
31
Large Intestine - colon cell type?
Simple columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells
32
where does Epithelium in large intestin change?
Epithelium changes at lower part of anal canal (below pectinate line) stratified squamous epithelium
33
presence of villi in large intestine
Villi are absent
34
glands present what type of gland?
Intestinal crypts of Leiberkuhn – simple tubular glands
35
glands present in large intestine what type of gland?
Intestinal crypts of Leiberkuhn – simple tubular glands
36
describe Submucosa in Large intestine
considerable amount of fat
37
Describe large intestine in Muscularis externa
inner circular Outer longitudinal – forms 3 flattened thicker strands taenia coli
38
Ano-rectal junction | cell type
Columnar epithelia changes to stratified epithelia
39
Appendix Mucosa 1.cell type 2. Lamina propria constituents 3. Muscularis mucosae
1. Simple columnar epithelia 2. Lamina propria Crypts of Lieberkuhn – few compared to colon lymphoid tissue 3. interrupted
40
Appendix Submucosa
lymphoid tissue
41
Appendix Muscularis externa
inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles
42
appendix | outmost layer
Serosa
43
Liver
Both exocrine and endocrine gland. Glisson’s capsule – CT covering liver cells / Hepatocytes ( polyhedral shape). in cords radiating from central vein . sinusoids present in between the cell cords. sinusoids with Von Kupffer cells ( star-shaped macrophages). Liver sinusoids – enlarged, leaky capillaries located between hepatic plates Kupffer cells – hepatic macrophages found in lining of sinusoids Space of Disse (perisinusoidal space) space between the hepatocytes and sinusoids Bile canaliculi - belt like network around individual hepatocytes
44
Gallbladder Mucosa Lamina propria Muscular layer Outer layer
Mucosa – surface epithelium (simple columnar with brush border) & lamina propria and is devoid of glands. Muscular layer (Fibromuscular coat) – smooth muscle fibres interwoven with lot of collagen & elastic fibers Outer layer Perimuscular coat/Adventia (liver side) – connective tissue rich in elastic fibers. Serosa (unattached side)- visceral peritoneum over the perimuscular connective tissue
45
Pancreas
Exocrine part CT capsule surrounds pancreas Septa divide it into lobules Compound acinar gland (serous acinus) Centro-acinar cells cubical cells lining the junction of acinus and duct Intercalated, intralobular and interlobular ducts
46
Pancreas- structure
Acinar wall lined by tall columnar secretory cells Cells present basal and apical zones Basal zone basophilic, striated and has mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus is basal Apical zone eosinophilic and has trypsinogen granules in Golgi apparatus Secretions 1500 – 3000ml pancreatic fluid (alkaline) Contain water, ions, lipases, proteases, amylase, nucleases, ribonuclease
47
Pancreas - Endocrine part
Endocrine part – accounts for 2% of pancreatic mass Islet of Langerhans – abundant in tail region alpha cells (glucagon) – 20% beta cells (insulin) - 70% & centrally located delta cells (somatostatin & pancreatic gastrin) PP cells - pancreatic polypeptides
48
Esophagus
Mucosa - Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelia for protection Mucous oesophageal glands in LP Submucosa oesophageal glands - produce mucous reduces friction between bolus and esophageal lining Meissner’s nerve plexus Muscularis externa Inner circular & outer longitudinal muscles Upper 1/3rd – striated Middle 1/3rd – mixed Lower 1/3rd – smooth for peristaltic movement Myenteric nerve plexus Adventitia /serosa – serosa in the abdominal part

GI (5 decks)

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