Functional Organization and Homeostasis (Unit 1)

Question 1

physiology

Answer 1

the science that is concerned with the function of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved. 

Question 2

pathophysiology

Answer 2

the study of disordered body function (i.e., disease) • The basis for clinical medicine 

Question 3

cells and number in the body

Answer 3

the basic structural and functional unit (~ 100 trillion)

Question 4

homeostasis and who coined the term

Answer 4

Walter B Cannon coined the term. the maintenance of a stable “milieu interieur” - Claude Bernard

Question 5

Internal environment

Answer 5

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

Question 6

circulatory system nickname

Answer 6

extracellular fluid transport and mixing system

Question 7

___ heart pumps blood out to go pick stuff up

Answer 7

left

Question 8

___ is a filter for the body

Answer 8

kidney

Question 9

characteristic of capillaries

Answer 9

very leaky, allows fluid to flow in and out allowing the fluid to bathe cells and let diffusion happen

Question 10

intercellular fluid

Answer 10

extracellular fluid between the cells

Question 11

intracellular fluid

Answer 11

inside the cells

Question 12

Oxygen: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 12

Normal Value: 40 Normal Range: 35 - 45 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 10 - 1000 Unit: mm Hg

Question 13

Carbon Dioxide: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 13

Normal Value: 45 Normal Range: 35 - 45 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 5 - 80 Unit: mm Hg

Question 14

Sodium Ion: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 14

Normal Value: 142 Normal Range: 138 - 146 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 115 - 175 Unit: mmol/L

Question 15

Potassium Ion: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 15

Normal Value: 4.2 Normal Range: 3.8 - 5.0 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 1.5 - 9.0 Unit: mmol/L

Question 16

Calcium Ion: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 16

Normal Value: 1.2 Normal Range: 1.0 - 1.4 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 0.5 - 2.0 Unit: mmol/L

Question 17

Chloride Ion: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 17

Normal Value: 106 Normal Range: 103 - 112 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 70 - 130 Unit: mmol/L

Question 18

Bicarbonate Ion: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 18

Normal Value: 24 Normal Range: 24 - 32 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 8 - 45 Unit: mmol/L

Question 19

Glucose: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 19

Normal Value: 90 Normal Range: 75 - 95 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 20 - 1500 Unit: mg/dl

Question 20

Body Temperature: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 20

Normal Value: 98.4 (37.0 C) Normal Range: 98.0 - 98.8 (37.0) Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 65 - 110 (18.3 - 43.3) Unit: degrees F (degrees C)

Question 21

Acid-Base: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

Answer 21

Normal Value: 7.4 Normal Range: 7.3 - 7.5 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 6.9 - 8.0 Unit: pH

Question 22

negative feedback

Answer 22

promotes stability, most common form of feeback, response negates the original disturbance – brings levels back to normal

Question 23

feed-forward control

Answer 23

anticipates change, common in nervous system, subconscious adaptation to actions

Question 24

positive feedback

Answer 24

promotes a change in one direction, amplifies a disturbance, rare because it is easy to get out of control

Question 25

Baroreceptor Reflex

Answer 25

example of negative feedback

Question 26

Feedback Gain

Answer 26

a measure of the effectiveness of a feedback system; looking at the difference observed; looks at effectiveness of restoring optimal conditions; equation is Gain = correction/error

Question 27

Hemorrhagic Shock Feedback

Answer 27

example of positive feedback

Question 28

Action Potential Feedback

Answer 28

Cell Depolarization --\> Increased Cell Na Permeability --\> Increased Na Influx --\> Decreased Cell membrane potential --\> Increased Cell Na Permeability ..... 

Question 29

Cell Composition Percentages

Answer 29

water/ions (fluid): 70 - 85% of cell mass proteins: 10 - 20 % lipids: 2 - 95% carbohydrates: 1 - 6 %

Question 30

cell membrane lipids

Answer 30

barrier to water and water-soluble substances organized in a bilayer of phospholipid molecules

Question 31

\_\_\_\_ provide specificity to cell membrane

Answer 31

proteins

Question 32

integral protein

Answer 32

channels, pores, carriers, enzymes receptores, etc. penetrate the membrane

Question 33

peripheral protein

Answer 33

do not penetrate all the way through the cell membrane; enzymes, intracellular signal mediators

Question 34

carbohydrates of cell membrane

Answer 34

glycolipids (approx. 10%) glycoproteins (majority of integral proteins) proteoglycans (-) charge of carbohydrate chains repel other (-) charges 

Question 35

cholesterol of cell membrane

Answer 35

• Present in membranes in varying amounts • Generally decreases membrane FLUIDITY and PERMEABILITY (except in plasma membrane) • Increases membrane FLEXIBILITY and STABILITY

Question 36

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 36

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Question 37

the endoplasmic reticulum is a storehouse for \_\_\_\_

Answer 37

calcium

Question 38

rough ER

Answer 38

also called granular ER; Outer membrane surface covered with ribosomes; Newly synthesized proteins are extruded into the ER matrix

Question 39

what processing occurs to proteins in the rough ER?

Answer 39

- crosslinked - folded - glycosylated (N-linked) - cleaved

Question 40

smooth ER

Answer 40

site of lipid synthesis growing ER membrane buds continuously forming transport vesicles that mostly migrate to Golgi

Question 41

golgi apparatus

Answer 41

- composed of 4 or more stacked layers of flat vesicular structures - receives transport vesicles from smooth ER - substances that were formed in the ER get "processed" here -- concentrated, sorted, packaged for secretion

Question 42

constitutive secretion

Answer 42

secretion that happens randomly

Question 43

stimulated secretion

Answer 43

secretion that requires a trigger

Question 44

lysosomes

Answer 44

vesicular organelle formed from budding off Golgi including digestive enzymes

Question 45

what can lysosomes digest? (3)

Answer 45

1. damaged cell parts 2. food particles in the cell 3. unwanted foreign matter (i.e. bacteria)

Question 46

what hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) do lysosomes have? (5)

Answer 46

phosphatases nucleases proteases lipases anti-bacterial components

Question 47

lysosomal storage disease

Answer 47

results from absence of one or more hydrolases -- absence due to hydrolase not being synthesized, is inactive, or was not properly sorted/packaged

Question 48

examples of lysosomal storage disease (3)

Answer 48

- Acid Lipase A deficiency - I-cell Disease (non-specific) - Tay Sachs Disease (Hex A)

Question 49

peroxisomes

Answer 49

contain oxidases; oxidizes substances that could be poisonous to the cell

Question 50

oxidase

Answer 50

enzyme that promotes oxidation; hydrogen peroxide often made

Question 51

mitochondria

Answer 51

function is to extract energy from nutrients; spread throughout cytoplasm; vary in amount based on cell type

Question 52

mitochondria diagram

Answer 52

(screenshot of mitochondria)

Question 53

nuclear membrane pores

Answer 53

the nuclear membrane is permeated by thousands of pores; each about 100 nm in diameter, (9 nm is functional diameter). selectively permeable to molecules up to 44,000 MW

Question 54

chromatin

Answer 54

(condensed DNA) is found in the nucleoplasm

Question 55

endocytosis requires:

Answer 55

ATP and the recruitment of actin and myosin

Question 56

Nucleolus

Answer 56

• one or more per nucleus • contains RNA and proteins • not membrane delimited • functions to form the granular “subunits” of ribosomes

Question 57

Steps of endocytosis

Answer 57

- Molecules attach to cell-surface receptors concentrated in clathrin-coated pits - Receptor binding induces invagination

Question 58

digestion of substances in pinocytic or phagocytotic vesicles

Answer 58

- pinocytic/phagocytic vesicle made - lysosome attaches to the vesicle - lysosome empties acid hydrolases into vesicle - results in digestive vesicle that makes vesicular hydrolases -- breaks down proteins, carbs, lipids and other substances - products of the digestion can then diffuse through the vesicle membrane into the cytoplasm - leftover of the vesicle is a residual body of indigestible substances - residual body excreted out of cell through exocytosis

Question 59

components of cytoskeleton

Answer 59

intermediate filaments microtubules thin filaments thick filaments

Question 60

intermediate filaments

Answer 60

Comprised of cell-specific fibrillar monomers (e.g. vimentin, neurofilament proteins, keratins, nuclear lamins)

Question 61

microtubules

Answer 61

• Heterodimers of α and β tubulin • Make up spindle fibers, core of axoneme structure

Question 62

thin filaments

Answer 62

• F-Actin • Make up “stress fibers” in non-muscle cells

Question 63

location of cilia

Answer 63

Occurs only on the inside surfaces of the human airway and fallopian tubes

Question 64

cilium composition

Answer 64

Each cilium is comprised of 11 microtubules • 9 double tubules • 2 single tubules Each cilium is an outgrowth of the basal body and is covered by an outcropping of the plasma membrane.

Question 65

axoneme

Answer 65

central core of cilium (• 9 double tubules • 2 single tubules)

Question 66

Ciliary movement requires:

Answer 66

ATP, Ca2+ and Mg2+

Question 67

Ameboid locomotion

Answer 67

Continual endocytosis at the “tail”and exocytosis at the leading edge of the pseudopodium • Attachment of the pseudopodium is facilitated by receptor proteins carried by vesicles • Forward movement results through interaction of actin and myosin (ATP-dependent)

Question 68

chemotaxis

Answer 68

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus