Functional organization of Nervous Tissue

Question 1

What are the two structural organizations of the Nervous system?

Answer 1

1. Central Nervous system (CNS)
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 2

What are the two functional organizations of the nervous system?

Answer 2

1. The sensory division ( the PNS carries info from the receptors to the CNS.
2. The motor division (the PNS carries commands from the CNS to effectors)

Question 3

What are the two major control systems in the body?

Answer 3

1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system

Question 4

The ______ system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors and uses electrical and chemical signals to control functions in the body.

Answer 4

Nervous system

Question 5

Nervous tissue is composed of what two main cell types?

Answer 5

1. neurons
2. glial cells

Question 6

_____ are electrically excited cells of the nervous system.

Answer 6

Neurons

Question 7

A ___ is a collection of many axons bundled together outside the brain and the spinal cord.

Answer 7

Nerve

Question 8

________ ________, of which there are 12 pairs, originate from the brain .

Answer 8

Cranial nerves

Question 9

________ _______, of which there are 31 pairs, originate from the spinal cord.

Answer 9

Spinal nerves

Question 10

A _______ is a bundle of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 10

Plexus

Question 11

Some ______ form clusters of cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord called ______.

Answer 11

1. Neurons
2. Ganglia

Question 12

The ________ system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 12

Nervous system

Question 13

The _______ system consists of, facial, thorax, ganglia, upper limb, abdominal, and lower limb nerves.

Answer 13

Peripheral nervous system

Question 14

______ are supportive cells that serve many functions for the neuron.

Answer 14

Glial

Question 15

Neurons and glial cells allow the nervous system to serve s multitude of functions in the body, there are 5.

Answer 15

1. Maintaining homeostasis
2. Receiving sensory input
3. Integrating information
4. Controlling muscles and glands
5. Establishing and maintaining mental activity

Question 16

The ______ can be thought of the key decision maker.

Answer 16

CNS

Question 17

The ______ is the messenger that provides input about the body to the CNS and then delivers the CNS decision on how the body is to respond to a particular stimuli.

Answer 17

PNS

Question 18

The ______ has two primary divisions: sensory, and motor divisions.

Answer 18

PNS

Question 19

The _______ division transmits electrical signals from specialized receptors in the body toward the CNS.

Answer 19

Sensory

Question 20

The Sensory division is also called the _______ division.

Answer 20

afferent division

Question 21

The _______ division, transmits electrical signals from the CNS to effector organs, such as muscle and glands.

Answer 21

Motor

Question 22

The Motor division is also called the ______ division.

Answer 22

Efferent division

Question 23

The _______ division consists of two branches: the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous sytsem.

Answer 23

Motor

Question 24

The _______ nervous system is voluntary. While the _______ nervous system is involuntary.

Answer 24

1. Somatic
2. Autonatic

Question 25

There are two major subdivisions of the ________ nervous system, the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

Answer 25

Automatic nervous system

Question 26

The _________ division readies the body for physical activity and is called the flight-or-flight division.

Answer 26

Sympathetic division

Question 27

The _________ division regulates resting functions, such as digesting food or slowing the heart rate, and is called the rest- and-digest division.

Answer 27

Parasympathetic

Question 28

The third division of the nervous system is the ________ system, which consists of neuronal networks within the walls of the digestive tract.

Answer 28

Enteric nervous system.

Question 29

The two major control systems in the body are the Blank______ system and the Blank______ system.

Answer 29

nervous, endocrine

Question 30

Which cell type accounts for over half of the brain's weight and outnumbers neurons by 10 to 50 times?

Answer 30

Glial cells

Question 31

The _______ is also known as the cell body.

Answer 31

Soma

Question 32

The cytoplasm of an axon is called the ________.

Answer 32

Axoplasm

Question 33

The _______ is the rough endoplasmic reticulum of a neuron responsible for protein synthesis.

Answer 33

Nissl body

Question 34

The _______ terminal is the enlarged end of the axon containing vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

Answer 34

Presynaptic terminal

Question 35

The _____ part of a neuron makes proteins and packages them into vesicles.

Answer 35

Cell body

Question 36

The highly branched cytoplasmic extensions of a neuron cell body that are specialized to receive input and conduct signals toward the cell body are called Blank______.

Answer 36

dendrites

Question 37

The point of contact between an axon and its target is called a(n) Blank______.

Answer 37

synapse

Question 38

Neurons have extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum called ______ bodies.

Answer 38

Nissl

Question 39

________ are extensions of the cell body and receive information from other neurons or form sensory receptors.

Answer 39

Dendrites

Question 40

Dendrites are short, often highly branched __________ extensions.

Answer 40

cytoplasmic

Question 41

What substance fills synaptic vesicles?

Answer 41

Neurotransmitters

Question 42

_______ conducts impulses towards the CNS.

Answer 42

Sensory neurons

Question 43

______ conducts impulses away from the CNS.

Answer 43

Motor neuron

Question 44

________ conducts impulses from one neuron to another neuron within the CNS.

Answer 44

Interneuron

Question 45

A synapse is a Blank______.

Answer 45

junction between two cells

Question 46

Interneurons conduct impulses with the Blank______.

Answer 46

central nervous system

Question 47

Neurons can be classified by their function and structure? T/F

Answer 47

True

Question 48

There are three functional categories based on the direction action potentials conduction: ________ (afferent neuron), ________ (efferent neuron), and the ________ conduct action potentials within the CNS from one neuron to another.

Answer 48

1. Sensory neuron 2. Motor neuron 3. Interneurons

Question 49

There are four major functional categories based of the number of dendrites: ______, _______, ________, ________.

Answer 49

1. Multipolar 2. Bipolar 3. Pseudo-unipolar 4. Anaxonic

Question 50

The small, membrane-bound organelles that are found in the presynaptic terminals and which contain neurotransmitters are called Blank______.

Answer 50

synaptic vesicles

Question 51

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of Blank______ cells.

Answer 51

glia

Question 52

There are two types of glial cells in the PNS: _________, and ________ cells.

Answer 52

1. Schwann cells 2. Satellite cells

Question 53

_________ cells form myelin sheaths.

Answer 53

Schwann cells

Question 54

Myelin sheaths are Blank______ in nodes of Ranvier.

Answer 54

absent

Question 55

The knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are found is called a Blank______.

Answer 55

ganglion

Question 56

Multipolar is a Blank______ classification for a neuron. (structural or functional)

Answer 56

Structural

Question 57

Schwann cells and satellite cells are examples of neuroglial cells in the Blank______ nervous system.

Answer 57

peripheral

Question 58

Electrically excitable cells use the difference of Blank______ across the cell membrane to carry out their functions.

Answer 58

ions

Question 59

On myelinated axons, small gaps exist between adjacent Schwann cells; these gaps are known as _______ of _______

Answer 59

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 60

Identify the statements that are true regarding the nature of the large proteins found within neurons. They act as receptors to neurotransmitters. They are negatively charged. They are synthesized inside the cell. They do not readily diffuse through the membrane.

Answer 60

They are negatively charged. They are synthesized inside the cell. They do not readily diffuse through the membrane.

Question 61

The movement of ions across the cell membrane can change the charge difference across that membrane and stimulate Blank______.

Answer 61

voltage gated channels to open

Question 62

What is the nature of the signal that propagates along neurons that ultimately regulates and coordinates the functions of the body? It is hormonal. It is electrical. It is chemical.

Answer 62

It is electrical.

Question 63

The concentrations of ions in the cytoplasm of neurons is ______ the concentrations of ions outside the cells. different than the same as

Answer 63

different than

Question 64

When a charge difference exists across the plasma membrane, this difference is referred to as the membrane ______.

Answer 64

Potential

Question 65

Proteins ______ easily diffuse across the cell membrane.

Answer 65

cannot

Question 66

Resting membrane potential is measured using a(n) Blank______.

Answer 66

oscilloscope

Question 67

In a resting cell there is a higher concentration of _____ inside the cell and a higher concentration of _____ outside the cell.

Answer 67

K (potassium) Na (sodium)

Question 68

The term "_________ __________" refers to the difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane.

Answer 68

potential difference

Question 69

When the membrane potential decreases, the inside of the membrane becomes ______ negative. This is called ______. more; hyperpolarization more; depolarization less; hyperpolarization less; depolarization

Answer 69

less; depolarization

Question 70

An increase in a membrane's permeability to Na+ will result in ______ of the membrane.

Answer 70

depolarization

Question 71

Closed voltage-gated sodium channels are stabilized ______. calcium oxygen potassium

Answer 71

calcium

Question 72

The Blank______ is proportional to the tendency of K+ to diffuse out of the cell and not to the actual rate of flow for K+. resting membrane potential action potential graded potential

Answer 72

resting membrane potential

Question 73

______ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative, and Blank______ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes less negative. Hyperpolarization, depolarization Depolarization, hyperpolarization Depolarization, repolarization

Answer 73

Hyperpolarization, depolarization

Question 74

Explain why Na+ ions diffuse into the neuron when the Na+ channels open.

Answer 74

Na+ is more concentrated outside the cell than inside; hence, the concentration gradient causes diffusion into the cell.

Question 75

Identify the characteristics of action potentials. They are all-or-none. The strength of the stimulus determines the frequency of the action potentials. They are propagated in a non-decremental fashion. The strength of the stimulus determines the magnitude of the action potential. Multiple stimuli can create larger action potentials, and fewer stimuli can create smaller action potentials.

Answer 75

They are all-or-none. The strength of the stimulus determines the frequency of the action potentials. They are propagated in a non-decremental fashion.

Question 76

______ potentials are conducted in a decremental fashion, while Blank______ potentials are conducted with a constant magnitude. Action, graded Graded, membrane Graded, action Membrane, graded

Answer 76

Graded, action

Question 77

Identify the phases of an action potential. Depolarization Afterpotential Hyperpotential Repolarization

Answer 77

Depolarization Afterpotential Repolarization

Question 78

During an action potential, an increase in membrane permeability to Na+ leads to a(n) Blank______ followed by an increase in permeability to K+ that leads to a(n) Blank______ of the membrane and a slight afterhyperpolarization. depolarization, repolarization repolarization, depolarization

Answer 78

depolarization, repolarization

Question 79

A period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be re-excited by a threshold stimulus is called a(n) Blank______ period. Multiple choice question. latent refractory inhibitory excitatory

Answer 79

refractory

Question 80

Once stimulated, a single action potential Blank______. Multiple choice question. travels long distance along the entire plasma membrane stops once it passes the axonal hillock travels only a short distance before stimulating another action potential

Answer 80

travels only a short distance before stimulating another action potential

Question 81

Action potentials propagate in Blank______ along the axon

Answer 81

one direction

Question 82

A refractory period is a time in which the plasma membrane becomes Blank______ to further stimulation. Multiple choice question. less sensitive more sensitive

Answer 82

less sensitive

Question 83

The type of action potential conduction in an unmyelinated axon is Blank______ conduction. Multiple choice question. saltatory local depolarization continuous

Answer 83

continuous

Question 84

The purpose of the absolute refractory period is to Blank______. increase the speed of the propagation of action potentials decrease the speed of the propagation of action potentials prevent action potentials from being generated in reverse direction prevent action potentials from being generated in the forward direction

Answer 84

prevent action potentials from being generated in reverse direction

Question 85

Place in order the events of the propagation of an action potential in a myelinated axon. Start with the generation of an action potential. The next action potential is generated. incorrect toggle button unavailable Local currents flow to the next node of Ranvier. incorrect toggle button unavailable Threshold is reached in the membrane. incorrect toggle button unavailable Local currents are generated. incorrect toggle button unavailable Local currents promote depolarization. incorrect toggle button unavailable An initial action potential is generated. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Answer 85

1. An initial action potential is generated 2. Local currents are generated 3. Local currents flow to the next node of Ranvier 4. Local currents promote depolarization 5. Threshold is reached in the membrane 6. The next action potential is generated

Question 86

The propagation of action potentials from one node of Ranvier to another along a myelinated axon is called Blank______ conduction. Multiple choice question. electrical saltatory

Answer 86

saltatory

Question 87

Which channels are highly concentrated in the nodes of Ranvier? Multiple choice question. Voltage-gated sodium channels Ligand-gated potassium channels Voltage-gated potassium channels Ligand-gated sodium channels

Answer 87

Voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 88

At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the Blank______ neuron. Multiple choice question. postsynaptic presynaptic

Answer 88

postsynaptic

Question 89

The type of synapse that occurs when a neurotransmitter is used to communicate a message to an effector is called a(n) __________ synapse.

Answer 89

chemical synapse

Question 90

The entry of calcium into the synaptic knob triggers _________. opening of sodium gates production of neurotransmitter the development of a local potential exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Answer 90

exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Question 91

The target cell receiving a signal from a cell is called the _________ cell.

Answer 91

Postsynaptic cell

Question 92

How do neurotransmitters move across a synaptic cleft? Diffusion Active transport Vesicular transport

Answer 92

Diffusion

Question 93

Within a chemical synapse, the receptors Blank______. Multiple choice question. are only responsive to changes in voltage bind to a variety of different ligands bind to very specific ligands are always degraded by enzymes in order disable them

Answer 93

bind to very specific ligands

Question 94

A partial depolarization of a postsynaptic neuron or muscle cell in response to a neurotransmitter is a(n) Blank______ postsynaptic potential. Multiple choice question. positive inhibitory negative excitatory

Answer 94

excitatory

Question 95

Entry of Blank______ ions into the synaptic knob triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitters. Multiple choice question. chloride potassium calcium sodium

Answer 95

calcium

Question 96

Place the events of a chemical synapse in chronological order, starting with the first at the top. action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal. Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open. Ca++ diffuses into the presynaptic terminal. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs.

Answer 96

1. An action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal 2. Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open 3. Ca++ diffuses into the presynaptic terminal 4. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft 5. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. 6. Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs.

Question 97

Describe characteristics of receptors at the synapses. Select all that apply. Multiple select question. They only open in response to voltage changes across the membrane Only specific molecules are able to bind to the receptors They are ligand activated receptors All receptors are gated ion channels

Answer 97

Only specific molecules are able to bind to the receptors They are ligand activated receptors

Question 98

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are due to the entry of the electrolyte __________ through gated ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane.

Answer 98

Sodium

Question 99

Acetylcholine Blank______ bind to norepinephrine receptors. Multiple choice question. can cannot

Answer 99

cannot

Question 100

During an EPSP, sodium channels Blank______. Multiple choice question. open close

Answer 100

open