Functioning Ecosystems (PPT7-8) [U3/ T2]

Question 1

Can energy be recycled?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

How do ecosystems receive new energy?

Answer 2

• From an outsie source

- Most commonly the sun

Question 3

ecosystems must also have…?

Answer 3

organisms equipped to capture the suns energy and transform it into a useable form

Question 4

What are the two types of energy transformations?

Answer 4

• Photosynthesis

- Cellular respiration

Question 5

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 5

Green plants, algae and some bacteria use the suns light energy to produce chemical energy in the form of glucose

Question 6

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 6

The process by which organisms break down energy-rich molecules (e.g. glucose) to release the energy into a useable form

Question 7

What is the two types of classification relating to the obtaining of energy

Answer 7

• Autotrophs (produces)

- Heterotrophs (consumers)

Question 8

What are the two types of producers?

Answer 8

• Photosynthetic autotrophs

- Chemosynthesis autotrophs

Question 9

How do Photosynthetic autotrophs produce energy?

Answer 9

use light energy from the sun to make glucose from CO2 and H2O.

Question 10

how do Chemosynthesis autotrophs produce energy?

Answer 10

use energy from energy-releasing chemical reactions between inorganic molecules to make glucose.

Question 11

List the major tropic levels in order

Answer 11

1) Producers
2) Herbivores
3) Primary carnivores
4) Secondary carnivores
5) Omnivores
6) Detritivores & Decomposers

Question 12

Define food chain

Answer 12

The sequence of organisms, each which is a source of food for the next

Question 13

Which direction do arrows travel in food chains

Answer 13

• Food to feeder

- e.g. Producer to herbivore

Question 14

What does a food web accomplish?

Answer 14

Shows the connections of all organisms within an ecosystem

Question 15

What is the trophic level producers source of energy?

What organisms does it include?

Answer 15

• Solar energy

- Green plants, photosynthetic protists & bacteria

Question 16

What is the trophic level herbivores source of energy?

What organisms does it include?

Answer 16

• Producers

- Grasshoppers, water fleas, antelope, termites,

Question 17

What is the trophic level primary carnivores source of energy?

What organisms does it include?

Answer 17

• Herbivores

- Wolves, spiders, some snakes, warblers

Question 18

What is the trophic level secondary carnivores source of energy?

What organisms does it include?

Answer 18

• Primary carnivores

- Killer whales, tuna, falcons

Question 19

What is the trophic level Omnivores source of energy?

What organisms does it include?

Answer 19

• Several trophic levels

- Humans, rats, possums, bears, raccoons, crabs

Question 20

What is the trophic level Detritivores & decomposers source of energy?

What organisms does it include?

Answer 20

• Consume & recyle dead plant/ animal material

- No assigned trophic level

Question 21

How can energy flow be represented?

Answer 21

By food chains

Question 22

How is energy lost?

Answer 22

• Heat to the atmosphere
• During metabolic reactions within organisms (respiration)
• Faeces and urine

Question 23

What is the 10% rule?

Answer 23

States that the total energy content of a trophic level in an ecosystem is only about 0ne-tenth that of the preceding level.

Question 24

Why is only 10% of energy passed on?

Answer 24

The remaining 90% is transformed by cellular metabolism into eventual heat energy and lost to the atmosphere or remains as chemical energy in the uneaten portion of the organism and its body waste.

Question 25

The energy available to each trophic level will always... | finish the statement

Answer 25

equal the amount entering the trophic level minus total losses to that level.

Question 26

What are the three ecological pyramids used?

Answer 26

1. Energy 2. Biomass 3. Numbers

Question 27

What does a pyramid of numbers show?

Answer 27

The total number of individual organisms at each level in the food chain of an ecosystem.

Question 28

What does the pyramid of biomass display?

Answer 28

- Dry weight typically used as a measure - Water content of organisms varies - Organism size is taken into account - May be inverted

Question 29

What does a pyramid of energy show?

Answer 29

The producers highest quantity of energy that decreases at each level of the food chain.

Question 30

THE WATER CYCLE (Yellow sticky note)

Answer 30

CN11,

Question 31

CARBON CYCLE (Yellow sticky note)

Answer 31

CN11

Question 32

NITROGEN CYCLE (Yellow sticky note)

Answer 32

CN11

Question 33

Define Transformation

Answer 33

Changing its form

Question 34

Define transfer

Answer 34

Moving to another location

Question 35

Define habitat

Answer 35

The place or space in which an organism lives out its life.

Question 36

Define niche

Answer 36

The functional position or role a species plays in a community; its total way of life.

Question 37

What are the two types of niche

Answer 37

- Fundamental | - Realized

Question 38

Define fundamental niche

Answer 38

The full range of environmental conditions (biological and physical) under which an organism can exist.

Question 39

Define realized niche

Answer 39

The niche that is actually occupied. | It is narrower than the fundamental due to pressure from and interactions with other organisms.

Question 40

Define competition

Answer 40

The active demand between two or more organisms for a resource

Question 41

What are the two types of competition

Answer 41

- IntrAspecific | - IntERspecific

Question 42

# Define IntrAspecific competition (sAme = IntrA)

Answer 42

Competition between members of the same species

Question 43

# Define IntERspecific competion (diffERent = IntERspecific)

Answer 43

Competition between different species sharing a habitat

Question 44

What is niche partitioning? When does it occur?

Answer 44

Niches are separated to avoid competition Niche partitioning occurs when different species live in close proximity to each other and use slightly different resources.

Question 45

What is the competitive exclusion principle

Answer 45

The fact that no two species can occupy the same niche is called the Gause competitive exclusion principle

Question 46

How is competition alleviated? Provide an example

Answer 46

``` Resource partitioning E.G. - Feeding at different times (Temporal) - Feeding at different heights (Depth) - Different sized prey ```

Question 47

Define adaptation?

Answer 47

An inherited feature of an organism that enables it to survive and reproduce in its habitat

Question 48

What are the three types of adaptation

Answer 48

Behavioural - the way an organism acts Physiological - the way the body works Structural - the way an organism is structured (its physical features)

Question 49

# Define a specialised niche Provide an example

Answer 49

- Very well-defined or narrow physical, biological or chemical requirements for survival - More susceptible to extinction E.G. - Dugong: requires seagrass and warm calm water

Question 50

# Define a generalised niche Provide an example

Answer 50

- Species which can exist in a broad range of conditions - In the face of change, organisms occupying a broader niche have a better chance of survival E.G. - Humans, cockroaches, flies, rats

Question 51

Define a keystone species

Answer 51

A plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions. They play a pivotal role and their elimination or severe reduction can significantly alter an ecosystem.

Question 52

Provide an example of a keystone species

Answer 52

1. Elephants - alters vegetation structure 2. Termites - breaks down plant cellulose 3. Ochre star - feeds on mucsles