Functioning systems

Question 1

epithelial tissue

Answer 1

sheets of cells that cover the external surface of the body and also line internal surfaces that connect to the external environment

Question 2

ectoderm

Answer 2

epithelial tissue that covers the outer surface of the body

Question 3

gastrodermal tissue

Answer 3

epithelial tissue that lines the inner cavity of the body

Question 4

connective tissue

Answer 4

diverse solid tissues that connect and support other tissues and organs, or store fat deposits, and fluid tissues that transport materials such as nutrients, wastes and hormones

Question 5

endocrine glands

Answer 5

ductless glands that distribute hormones via the bloodstream

Question 6

hormones

Answer 6

chemical messengers, released by endocrine glands, that regulate the function of distant organs, each with a specific receptor for its hormone

Question 7

hydrophilic

Answer 7

substances that dissolve easily in water; also called polar

Question 8

posterior pituitary

Answer 8

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; it is made of neural tissue that stores and releases hormones sent from the hypothalamus.

Question 8

hydrophobic

Answer 8

substances that tend to be insoluble in water; also called non-polar

Question 9

anterior pituitary

Answer 9

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; it is made of glandular tissue that synthesises and secretes several releasing hormones that activate other endocrine glands.

Question 10

neurosecretory cells

Answer 10

cells that receive nerve impulses and respond by a chemical stimulus

Question 11

adrenal glands

Answer 11

small endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that produce various hormones

Question 12

corticoid hormones

Answer 12

steroid hormones, including aldosterone and cortisol, produced by cells of the cortex of adrenal glands

Question 13

parafollicular cells

Answer 13

secretory cells, located in small areas between follicles, that produce the thyroid hormone, calcitonin

Question 14

chief cells

Answer 14

in the parathyroid gland, secretory cells that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) (Note: different cells with same name are present in the gastric pits of stomach.)

Question 15

parathyroid hormone

Answer 15

a protein hormone synthesised and secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to a falling blood calcium levels

Question 16

adipocytes

Answer 16

cells with large deposits of stored fat

Question 17

excretion

Answer 17

process of removal from the body of various types of waste material arising from its metabolic activities

Question 18

urinary tract

Answer 18

a series of hollow organs comprising ureters, bladder and urethra that transport urine to the outside of the body

Question 19

transitional epithelium

Answer 19

type of stratified epithelium present only in the hollow organs of the excretory system

Question 20

nephron

Answer 20

functional unit of the kidney

Question 21

filtrate

Answer 21

fluid composed of blood plasma minus large proteins that is filtered into Bowman’s capsule from the glomerulus

Question 22

pituitary gland

Answer 22

The pituitary gland is composed of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary release various stimulating hormones that target other endocrine glands. The posterior pituitary gland does not produce hormones but stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

Question 23

adrenal glands

Answer 23

Adrenals are paired endocrine glands on the top surface of the kidneys. The adrenal medulla produces the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline that are involved in the stress response, also known as the fight-or-flight response.

Question 23

parathyroid gland

Answer 23

Parathyroid glands are located on the rear surface of thyroid gland and secrete the parathyroid hormone.

Question 24

thyroid glands

Answer 24

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. It plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and growth

Question 25

kidneys

Answer 25

The main organ is the kidney; the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The functions of the nephron are filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion.