funda 7 Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are the four aspects of competitiveness measured for 90 countries between 1980 and 2002 according to Fagerberg et al.?
The four aspects are technology (innovation), measured by patents and quality of science; capacity to exploit technological opportunities, measured by education and financial systems; demand; and price, measured by unit labor cost
What are the key components of a National Innovation System (NIS)?
A NIS is characterized by actors (firms, universities, financial organizations, government), feedbacks and interactions among these actors, and national institutions
Name some factors that may affect the performance of national innovation systems.
Factors include capabilities of firms, Schumpeterian entry and competition, the educational system, universities, and effective policies that support innovation
What was a key element of the national innovation system that emerged in Korea?
The Korean system was based on the belief in the importance of large firms in economic and technological catch-up and was oriented to the development of heavy industry
What are some examples of indicators of national innovation systems and innovativeness across countries?
Indicators include: inflows or outflows of FDI in high technology, trade balance in high technologies, start-ups in high technologies, public support of total R&D, number of science and engineering researchers, scientific publications by universities, and venture capital funding
What are some characteristics of the US innovation system that make it a leader in technology?
The US has innovative large companies, a high entry of new firms, sophisticated demand, top scientific universities, advanced human capital, and abundant venture capita
What are some of the main characteristics of the European Innovation System?
The European system is marked by major heterogeneity among EU countries, limited competitiveness in high technology, medium-level R&D (with high diversity across countries), and strong industry-university cooperation in some countries
What are the three main types of capabilities that are key to catching up?
The three main types of capabilities are: social capability, national technological capability, and absorptive capability
According to the text, what are the main drivers of economic development?
Main drivers of economic development are: technological capabilities/innovation systems, governance, and political systems. However, the text notes that the political system and openness are not correlated with the level of development
What does catching up mean from a micro perspective?
Catching up is a process where emerging countries learn and accumulate knowledge, developing potentially different products, processes, and technologies than advanced countries. It involves different trajectories of knowledge accumulation, innovation and production specialization
What are some examples of sectors where catch-up has occurred?
Examples include chemicals in Germany, auto and electronics in Japan and Korea, and electronics in Taiwan
What are some examples of technological, demand, or institutional/policy windows that have led to catch-up cycles?
Examples include: Technological windows: basic oxygen furnace in steel and digital phones; Demand windows: the Y2K boom in India IT services; Institutional windows: Korean steel and the EU standard for Nokia
What are “Bottom of the Pyramid” (BoP) innovations?
BoP innovations address local needs in emerging markets with market fragmentation, geographical dispersion, and resource scarcity. They focus on availability, affordability, acceptability, and awareness
What is “Reverse Innovation”?
reverse innovations are innovations conceived and adopted in emerging economies and then sold globally
What is upgrading in Global Value Chains (GVC)?
Upgrading includes: process upgrading (efficiency improvements), product upgrading (high-quality goods), functional upgrading (more complex activities), and inter-chain upgrading (moving to a new chain)
What are some key differences between the innovation systems of China and India?
China focuses on manufacturing, organizational learning related to hardware, and has hierarchical organizations. India has advantages in software and pharmaceuticals, is strong in mathematics, and has more flexible organizations
What are some characteristics of China’s innovation system?
China’s innovation system has experienced a major increase in R&D expenditures, growth of human capital, and active public policy
According to the text, what are some factors that affect catching up?
Factors affecting catching up are strong national innovation policy programs, R&D expenditures, human capital, institutions and basic infrastructure, ICT and strong links between public research organizations and firms
