Fundamental Planning Knowledge

Question 1

+City of UR

Answer 1

First cities divided into neighborhoods

Question 2

Jamestown Colony

Answer 2

1st English settlement.

Question 3

Riverside IL

Answer 3

1st planned sub community. 1869 Olmstead.

Question 4

Curvilinear Streets ( Riverside Illinois)

Answer 4

Avoid right-angle intersections. Triangle parcels.

Question 5

Multi-Nuclei Model

Answer 5

The model describes the layout of a city, based on Chicago. It says that even though a city may have begun with a central business district, or CBD, other smaller CBDs develop on the outskirts of the city near the more valuable housing areas to allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of the city.

The multiple nuclei model is an economical model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article “The Nature of Cities”.[1]

Question 6

Agrarian Philosophy

Answer 6

Stresses the role of nature, soil quality and climate in the formation of moral character as well as social and political systems.

Question 7

Laissez Faire Philosophy

Answer 7

Laissez-faire is an economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention. The theory of laissez-faire was developed by the French Physiocrats during the 18th century. Laissez-faire advocates that economic success is inhibited when governments are involved in business and markets.

Question 8

Public Health Movement

Answer 8

Public Health and safety requirement and maximum works hours. Improved housing standards.
Provision of light and air in cities.

Question 9

Garden City Movement

Answer 9

Method of urban planning in which self-contained communities are surrounded by green builts. Ebenezer Howard

Question 10

City Efficient Movement

Answer 10

Major movement in the us, BRITAIN AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL NATIONS. Develop and implement best practices.

Question 11

City Beautiful Movement

Answer 11

A reform philosophy of north American architecture and urban planning that thrived during the 1890’s and 1900s. Daniel Burnham.

Daniel B 1909 plan of Chicago principal document of the city beautiful movement

Question 12

Neighborhood Unit Concept

Answer 12

Formed by the prevailing social and intellectual attitudes by 1900s Clarence perry.

Question 13

City Functional Movement

Answer 13

Developed in the 40’s contributed to the federal government’s increased involvement in local planning and the post-war passage of section 701.

Question 14

Edge Cities

Answer 14

becomes edge city when there is a concentration of businesses in a previously known rural or residential area.

Joel Garreus book Edge City - life on the New Frontier.

Question 15

New Towns

Answer 15

Refers to towns that were built in the Uk. Remedy overcrowding and congestion,

Question 16

New Urbanism

Answer 16

An urban design movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types. began in the 80s.

Question 17

Broadacre City

Answer 17

Broadacre City was an urban or suburban development concept proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright throughout most of his lifetime. He presented the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932. A few years later he unveiled a very detailed twelve-by-twelve-foot (3.7 × 3.7 m) scale model representing a hypothetical four-square-mile (10 km2) community.

Question 18

Concentric zone model

Answer 18

CBD

TRansition Zone

Low income

Middle income

Commuting zone

Question 19

Sector Model

Answer 19

Hoyst - 1939 modification of the concentric zonen modal. outward progression of growth.

Question 20

Land ord 1785

Answer 20

Settlers can purchase title to farmland.

Question 21

Public Land Survey Stsem

Answer 21

Method developed in US plat, divide real property for sale and settling

Question 22

Homestead Act of 1862

Answer 22

Was a revolutionary concept for distributing public land in American history.

Question 23

Dispersed settlement

Answer 23

known as scattered settlement, is considered a rural settlement.

Question 24

Compact or Nucleated Settlements

Answer 24

type of settlement pattern features a close group of buildings

Question 25

Linear settlements

Answer 25

Normally small to medium-sized

Question 26

Berk California

Answer 26

adopted a loophole ordinance for the 14th amendment that kept neighborhoods segregated without mentioning race.

Result city created residential districts that banned apartments

barrier for people who could not afford a mortgage effectively keeping them exclusively white

Question 27

Housing of 1937

Answer 27

USA Housing Act of 1037 was established by Catherine Bauer Wurster.

Created the model we have today: federal dollars funding local housing authorities.

Question 28

G.I bill 1944

Answer 28

Created programs that help veterans after WW2

Programs included low-cost mortgages

Question 29

Architectural Barriers Act of 1968

Answer 29

Requires that buildings and facilities be designed, constructed, and altered.

Question 30

HUD act of 1968

Answer 30

Expanded housing funding programs - private developers to affordable units

Question 31

Property Rights Law cases

Answer 31

Hadavheck V Sebastian - prohibited the manufacturing of bricks within specified city limits.

Welch V Swasey - The Supreme court first approved building height controls in this case. Courtdefered to police powers of the locals

Eubank v City of Richmond = approved setback regulations in the case. Overturned them in this cause because it found the setbacks imposed by the petition of neighbors violated equal protection

Moore v City of East Cleveland - housing ordinance limited occupancy of a dwelling unit to members of a single family. The ordinance isolated the residents’ rights as it constituted “intrusive regulation of the family”.

Question 32

Eminent Domain Cases

Answer 32

Kohl V United States: Ruled federal government could, with just compensation seize private property within the states to build a post office and other government buildings.

Berman V parker: expanded the definition of public use to include public purpose. The government could transfer property from one private party to another as a part of a redevelopment plant that serves the public purpose.

Penn Central V New York City - Penn Central company wanted to build an office tower above its grand central terminal in order to generate more income. The city’s Landmarks Preservation Commission rules that the company could not go forward with the plan because it would alter the existing landmark too much.

Question 33

Continued Eminent Domain

Answer 33

Kelo v City of New London - The City Authorized the use of the eminent domain to revitalize its distressed economy. The city council allowed a private nonprofit to exercise eminent domain in the city’s name. Although eminent domain had not allowed private property to transfer to another private party. The court allowed the transfer because it was part of a development plan designed to benefit the public.

Penn East piple co vs New Jersey - US Supreme Court affirmed the right of a pipeline company to use eminent domain powers granted under the Natural Gas Act to seize state-owned lands for private development. The Ruling reaffirmed the states cannot preemptively acquire land to block interstate pipeline projects.

Question 34

Advocacy Planning

Answer 34

Created by Paul Davidoff - Various interest groups. PLanners play the role of advocates, helping those people to prepare plans whose views match their own.

Question 35

Rational Planning

Answer 35

The rational planning model is the process of understanding a problem by establishing and evaluating planning criteria, formulation of alternatives and implementing them and finally monitoring the progress of the chosen alternatives.

Question 36

Equity

Answer 36

Equity planning is a framework in which urban planners working within the government use their research, and analytical skills to influence opinion, and mobilize underrepresented constituencies.