Fundamental Principles of Endocrinology Flashcards by ROGER ALONSO

Chemical Messengers

NAME ALL 6 TYPES
“NENPAC”

1 •Neurotransmitters
2 •Endocrine hormones
3 •Neuroendocrine hormones
4 •Paracrines
5 •Autocrines
6 •Cytokines – peptides secreted by cells into ECF; can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones

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Classes of Hormones

NAME 3 TYPES:

“Pp-S-A”

Proteins & polypeptides – hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, placenta, kidney (renin & erythropoietin), heart, stomach, small intestine, adipose tissue

2 •Steroids – adrenal cortex, gonads, kidney

3 •Amines (Derivatives of tyrosine) – thyroid gland, adrenal medulla

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STUDY SLIDE 7 FLOW CHART

ASAP

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Peptide & Protein Hormones-1
Gland/Tissue =Hypothalamus X 5
Hormones=?

TRH, GnRH, CRH

GHRH, Somatostatin

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Peptide & Protein Hormones-2
Gland/Tissue=Anterior pituitary X 6
Hormones=?

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH,

PRL, GH

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Peptide & Protein Hormones-3
Gland/Tissue=Posterior pituitary X 2
Hormones=?

Oxytocin, ADH

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Peptide & Protein Hormones-4
Gland/Tissue=Thyroid X 1
Hormones=?

Calcitonin

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Peptide & Protein Hormones-5
Gland/Tissue=Pancreas X3
Hormones=?

Insulin,Glucagon,

Somatostatin

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Peptide & Protein Hormones-6
Gland/Tissue=Liver X 1
Hormones=?

Somatomedin C (IGF-1)

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Peptide & Protein Hormones-7
Gland/Tissue=Parathyroid X 1
Hormones=?

PTH

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Peptide & Protein Hormones–8
Gland/Tissue=Placenta X 3
Hormones=?

HCG, HCS or HPL

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Peptide & Protein Hormones–9
Gland/Tissue=Kidney X 1
Hormones=?

Renin

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Peptide & Protein Hormones–10
Gland/Tissue=Heart X 1
Hormones=?

ANP

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Peptide & Protein Hormones–11
Gland/Tissue=G.I. tract X 6
Hormones=?

Gastrin, CCK,
Secretin, GIP,
Somatostatin, GLP-1

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Peptide & Protein Hormones–12 OF 12
Gland/Tissue=Adipocyte
Hormones=?

Leptin

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Steroid Hormones-1

Gland/Tissue=Adrenal Cortex

Hormones = ? X 3

Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens

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Steroid Hormones-2

Gland/Tissue=Testes

Hormones = ? X 1

Testosterone

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Steroid Hormones-3

Gland/Tissue=Ovaries

Hormones = ? X 2

Estrogens, Progesterone

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Steroid Hormones-4

Gland/Tissue=Corpus Luteum

Hormones = ? X 2

Estrogens, Progesterone

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Steroid Hormones-5

Gland/Tissue=Placenta

Hormones = ? X 2

Estrogens, Progesterone

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Steroid Hormones-6 OF 6

Gland/Tissue=Kidney

Hormones = ? X 1

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

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Amine Hormones–1

Gland/Tissue=Hypothalamus

Hormones=?? X 1

Dopamine

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Amine Hormones–2

Gland/Tissue=Thyroid

Hormones=?? X 2

Study These Flashcards

T3, T4

Amine Hormones–3

Gland/Tissue=Adrenal medulla

Hormones=?? X 2

Study These Flashcards

NE, EPI

Synthesis of Amine Hormones Tyrosine>>>>L-Dopa>>>________ ``` >>Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (Adrenergic Neurons)= Adrenal Glands & Tyrosine>>>Thyroid Hormones = Thyroid Gland ```

Dopamine

Steroid & Thyroid Hormones - Mechanism of Action 1--• Steroid hormones ______ protein synthesis 2--• Thyroid hormones _______ gene transcription in cell nucleus

increase increase

Circulating Transport Proteins Transport Protein--Specific--1 = Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) Principal Hormone Transported x2?

Cortisol, aldosterone

Circulating Transport Proteins Transport Protein--Specific--2 =Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) Principal Hormone Transported x2?

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine

Circulating Transport Proteins Transport Protein--Specific--3 =Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) Principal Hormone Transported x2?

Testosterone, estrogen

Circulating Transport Proteins Transport Protein--Nonspecific--1 =Albumin Principal Hormone Transported x3?

Most steroids, thyroxine, triiodothyronine

Circulating Transport Proteins Transport Protein--Nonspecific--2 =Transthyretin (prealbumin) Principal Hormone Transported x2?

Thyroxine, some steroids

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues All ________ glands secrete hormones

endocrine

Other tissues, other than endocrine glands, also secrete hormones. Know ```  Stomach  Small intestine  Brain  Heart  Kidney  Placenta ```

– to stimulate digestion – to regulate digestion – controls anterior & posterior pituitary – atrial natriuretic peptide to increase Na+ excretion – erythropoietin to increase RBCs in marrow – pregnancy hormones

Regulation of Hormone Secretion * Control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a negative feedback loop and is called ________ __________ * _________ mechanism: when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the physiological changes produced by its target cells

endocrine reflexes Simplest

Regulation of Hormone Secretion * Endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a _________ produced by another gland * Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _______ system input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems

hormone nervous

Regulation of Hormone Secretion 1--________ feedback - -most common - -When target tissue becomes too active, negative effect on endocrine gland to decrease secretory activity 2--_____ feedback - -Response to hormone promotes further hormone release - -Examples: oxytocin during labor & some menstrual hormones 3--___________________pattern --Hormones of adrenal cortex follow 24 hour cycle; monthly menstrual cycle

Negative Positive Cyclical (rhythmic) ---see slide 29

Cyclical Variations • Periodic variations in hormonal release • Influenced by: – ___________ changes – Various stages of development and aging – Diurnal cycle – Sleep

Seasonal

Hormonal Transport * Water-soluble hormones – dissolved in ____ * _________ and thyroid hormones – bound to plasma proteins

plasma Steroid

Clearance” of Hormones from the Blood * Metabolic ________ by tissues * ________ with tissues * Excretion by the liver into bile * Urinary excretion

destruction Binding

Regulation of Hormone Receptor Activity--1 * Dose-response relationship – the _____________ of a target tissue to a hormone * __________ – the hormone concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response

responsiveness Sensitivity

Regulation of Hormone Receptor Activity--2 • Responsiveness or sensitivity of a target tissue can be changed by: – Changing the number of _________ – Changing the _________-receptor affinity

receptors hormone

Regulation of Hormone Receptor Activity--3 • Number of receptors in a cell vary from day to day, even minute by minute • _________-regulation – Inactivation of receptor molecules – Inactivation of the intracellular protein-signaling molecules – Temporary sequestration of the receptor – Destruction of the receptors by lysosomes – Decreased production of receptors

Down

Regulation of Hormone Receptor Activity--4 • ___________-regulation – Hormone induces increased formation of receptors or signaling molecules – Hormone induces greater availability receptor for interaction

Mechanisms of Hormone Action & Second Messengers-1 • Effector proteins usually are _____ – Adenylyl cyclase – Phospholipase C • When effector protiens are activated, a second messenger (cAMP, IP3) is produced

enzymes

Mechanisms of Hormone Action & Second Messengers-2 * Hormone action begins when the hormone _____ to a membrane receptor (hormone-receptor complex) * In many hormonal systems, hormone-receptor complex is coupled to a effector proteins by ______-________proteins (G proteins)

binds GTP- binding

Mechanisms of Hormone Action & Second Messengers-3 • G proteins – Family of membrane-bound proteins that couple hormone receptors to effector enzymes – Serve as “_________ ________” – Heterotrimeric = has 3 subunits (a, b, g)

molecular switches

Mechanisms of Hormone Action & Second Messengers-4 Three major mechanisms: 1–Adenylyl cyclase mechanism - cAMP 2–Phospholipase C mechanism – IP3 3–Steroid hormone mechanism

KNOW

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Second Messenger Mechanism Cell membrane receptors -____-______ receptors/cell –Peptide, protein, catecholamine hormones

2,000–100,000

Steroid & Thyroid Hormone Mechanism 1. __________ receptors –Steroid hormones Enter cytoplasm >> bind receptor protein >> diffuse into nucleus >> activates/inhibits gene transcription >> mRNA diffuses to cytoplasm >> translated at ribosomes to protein --Slow (hours / days) change of protein mediates cellular function 2.________ receptors –Thyroid hormones

Cytoplasmic Nuclear

Other Mechanisms * ______ channel-linked receptors * _______-linked receptors * Calcium-calmodulin second messenger system

Ion Enzyme

5 Causes of Endocrine HYPERfunction 1. ______________ – Benign: pituitary adenomas, hyperparathyroidism, autonomous thyroid or adrenal nodules – Malignant: adrenal and thyroid cancer – Ectopic: ACTH, SIADH

Neoplastic

5 Causes of Endocrine HYPERfunction ``` 2. ___________ –EX. Graves’ disease 3. _________ – EX. Cushing’s syndrome, hypoglycemia 4. Infectious/Inflammatory – Subacute thyroiditis 5. Activating receptor mutations – TSH ```

Autoimmune Iatrogenic

8 Causes of DECREASED Endocrine Function--1 [Hypofunction] 1. – Autoimmune: ___________ thyroiditis, type I DM, and _____________ disease

Hashimoto’s | Addison’s

8 Causes of DECREASED Endocrine Function--2 2– Iatrogenic: radiation-induced hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, surgical 3– Infectious/Inflammatory: adrenal insufficiency 4 – Hormone _______: GH, AVP 5– Enzyme defects: 21-hydroxylase deficiency 6 – Nutritional/vitamin deficiency: vitamin ___ deficiency, iodine deficiency 7 – Hemorrhage/infarction: ________ syndrome, adrenal insufficiency

mutations D Sheehan’s

8 Causes of Decreased Endocrine Function--3 8. _______ resistance – Receptor mutations: GH, AVP – Postreceptor mutations: Type II DM

Hormone

Fundamental Principles of Endocrinology Flashcards

(55 cards)