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Gynaecology > Fundamentals > Flashcards

Fundamentals Flashcards

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1
Q

Conceptus remains undifferentiated till

A

6 weeks of IUL

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2
Q

Sex of conceptus is determined by

A

SRY gene (sex related gene)

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3
Q

SRY gene is present on which chromosome

A

Distal end of short arm of Y chromosome

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4
Q

Turner syndrome genotype

A

45XO female babies

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5
Q

Klinefelter syndrome genotype

A

47xxy male babies

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6
Q

In turner’s syndrome ovaries are called

A

Streak gonads

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7
Q

Natural tendency of the conceptus is to develop into

A

A female

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8
Q

Testes formed by

A

6-7 weeks

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9
Q

Ovary formed by

A

7-8 weeks

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10
Q

Helper gene for testes formation

A

SOX-9 gene

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11
Q

Helper gene for ovary formation

A

Wnt4 and RSPO1

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12
Q

gonads are formed from

A

Genital ridge

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13
Q

Genital ridge is derived from

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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14
Q

Genital ridge is first seen when in gestation

A

5 weeks

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15
Q

Parts of the female genital derived from urogenital sinus are of what origin

A

Endodermal otherwise the female genital is mesodermal in origin

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16
Q

Germ cells present in gonads are derived from

A

Primitive ectoderm/ epiblast

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17
Q

Till how many weeks 2 ducts are present in the conceptus

A

6 weeks

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18
Q

Which duct appears earlier

A

Wolffian duct appears earlier and is essential for the development of mullerian duct

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19
Q

When does 1 pair of duct disappear

A

9 weeks

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20
Q

When are internal genitalia formed from these ducts

A

10 weeks

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21
Q

Testes determining factor

A

Presence of Y chromosome thus SRY gene

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22
Q

Embryonic testes (sertoli cells)

A
  • mullerian inhibiting substance/ anti mullerian hormone (7 weeks)
  • acts locally, inhibiting the ipsilateral Müllerian duct
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23
Q

Leydig cells

A
  • secretes testosterone (8 weeks)

* secretion max at 15-18 weeks

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24
Q

Function of mullerian inhibiting substance

A
  • regression of Müllerian duct

* descent of testes from the abdomen into the pelvic area

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25
Remnants of Müllerian duct in males
* prostatic utricle | * appendix of testes (Hypatia of morgagni)
26
What causes the development of wolffian duct and what is it responsible for
Testosterone is responsible and it is responsible for the development of the internal genitalia in males
27
Internal genitalia in males
* seminal vesicles * epididymis * ejaculatory duct * vas deference
28
What is responsible for the development of the external genitalia in males
Do hydro testosterone
29
What is responsible for the scrotal descent
Testosterone
30
Is Mullerian inhibiting substance produced in females
Yes during puberty by the pre antral or antral follicles
31
Testosterone is converted into di hydro testosterone by the help of
5 alpha reductase
32
Most potent androgen
Dihydrotestosterone
33
Wolffian ducts derivatives
Appendix epididymis | Paradidymis
34
Sertoli cells at puberty secrete
Androgen binding protein | Inhibin
35
1st signal in IUL for Sertoli cells to secrete testosterone
HCG
36
After puberty which hormone acts on leydig cells to produce testosterone
LH
37
What leads to the development of Müllerian ducts
Absence of mullerian inhibiting substance
38
What leads to the development of internal female genitalia
Mullerian ducts
39
Internal genitalia of female
Fallopian tube Uterus Cervix Upper 2/3 of vagina
40
Lower 1/3 of vagina is derived from
Sino vaginal bulk of urogenital sinus
41
Vaginal epithelium is derived from
Endoderm of urogenital sinus
42
What are the Remnants of wolffian duct
Epoophron Paraophron Gartner’s duct
43
What causes the regression of wolffian duct
Absence of testosterone caused by the absence of leydig cells
44
Remnants of mesonephric tubules
Epoophron | Paraophron
45
Remnants of mesonephric duct
Gartner’s duct
46
The remnants of wolffian duct are present in
Broad ligament
47
Gartner’s cyst
Gartner’s duct is present along the entire length forming a blockage
48
Para tubule cyst
Epoophron and paraophron are blocked
49
Male and female internal genitalia can be differentiated by
10weeks of gestation
50
Uterus is formed by
10 weeks
51
Uterine cavity is formed by
20 weeks
52
Gartner’s cyst is located in
Anterior wall of vagina
53
Bartholin’s cyst is located in
Posterior wall of vagina
54
Para urethral cyst
Adjacent to the urethra
55
Most common cyst in vagina
Inclusion cyst
56
External genitalia is undifferentiated till
6 weeks
57
What is required for the development of the female external genitalia
Absence of testosterone ( not the presence of estrogen)
58
Structures of undifferentiated external genitalia
Genital tubercle Genital swelling Genital fold
59
Homologous structures (prostate gland)
skene gland/paraurethral gland
60
Bulbourethral gland / Cowper’s gland (homologous structure)
Bartholin glands / greater vestibular gland
61
Gubernaculum (homologous structure)
Round ligament
62
Hormone required for the growth of ovary at the time of puberty
Estrogen
63
Female external genitalia in males
Absence of Di hydro testosterone d/t 5 alpha reductase deficiency
64
External genitalia can be differentiated by which week
14 weeks of IUL
65
sex of the baby can be determined by which week
14 weeks of IUL
66
Development of male external genitalia in females
Presence of testosterone in a female foetus during IUL
67
pseudo hermaphroditism
The chromosomal make up and the external genitalia are different
68
Male pseudo hermaphroditism
46 XY but the external genitalia is of female
69
Female pseudo hermaphroditism
46 XX but the external genitalia is of male
70
Most common cause of male pseudo hermaphroditism
Androgen insensitive syndrome or testicular feminising syndrome
71
Most common cause of female pseudo hermaphroditism
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
72
True hermaphrodite
Presence of both ovaries and testes which are both not properly developed + ambiguous genitalia
73
Karyotype of true hermaphroditism
MC- 46XX 10-20%- mosaic pattern 10%- 46XY
74
1st investigation when suspecting abnormal sexual development
Karyotyping
75
Best clinical method to ascertain sex of the female
Absence of palpable gonads
76
MC method of sex determination at the time of birth
Examination of external genitalia
77
Female w karyotype XX and external genitalia of male
Most common cause: 1. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21 hydroxylase deficiency m.c.; 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency; 3 beta hydroxysteroid deficiency) 2. True hermaphrodite 3. Aromatase deficiency 4. Maternal androgen drug excess 5. Pregnancy Luteoma

Gynaecology (2 decks)

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