Fundamentals Flashcards
(22 cards)
Neutrophils
Acute inflammation (sterile or non-sterile)
Raised due to corticosteroid use
Macrophages
Late acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation (including granulomas e.g. Sarcoidosis)
Lymphocytes
Chronic inflammation
Lymphoma (sheets of clonal cells ie. Identical)
Plasma cells
Chronic inflammation
Myeloma
Eosinophils
Allergic reaction
Parasitic infection
Tumours (Hodgkin)
Mast cells
Allergic reactions
Parasitic infections
Squamous cell carcinoma histology
Keratin production
Intracellular bridges (appears as little prickles on edge of cells)
Do NOT form glands
Squamous cell carcinoma site
Skin
Head and neck Oesophagus (upper and middle ⅓)
Anus
Cervix
Vagina
Adenocarcinoma histology
From glandular epithelium
Forms glands that can secrete substances (e.g. mucin)
Adenocarcinoma site
Lung
Breast
Stomach
Colon
Pancreas
Transitional cell site
Urinary tract
Kidney
Ureters
Bladder
Histochemical stains
Based on chemical reaction between stain and tissue
Fontana - melanin
Congo red - amyloid (apple green birefringence)
Prussian blue - iron (haemochromatosis)
Go to stain for most histological sample is haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
Immunohistochemical stains
Antibodies directed against specific antigens
CD45 - lymphoid cell marker
Cytokeratin - epithelial marker
Chromogranin - neuroendocrine marker
Rhodanine stain
Golden brown against blue counterstain
+ve for copper – Wilson’s disease
Perl’s stain
+ve for iron – Haemachromatosis
Ziehl-Neeson
Red against a blue background
+ve for acid-fast bacilli – TB
Rhodamine-Auramine stain
Bright yellow – TB
Gomori’s methanamine silver stain
Flying saucer shaped cysts – Pneumocystis jirovecii
Modified Kimyoun acid fast stain
+ve for Cryptosporidium parvum
India ink stain
Yeast cells surrounded by halos – Cryptococcus neoformans
Giemsa stain
Cytoplasmic inclusions – Chlamydia psittaci
Fite stain
+ve for Mycobacterium leprae
