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Biological Psychology > Fundamentals of Biological Psychology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Biological Psychology Flashcards

Introduction (49 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleus of eukaryotic cells

A

Contains the DNA

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2
Q

Cell membranes

A

Lipid bilayer
Separates inside and outside of cells

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid inside a cell (but outside cell nucleus)
Chemical reactions take place here
Contains organelles

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4
Q

Neuron: Dendrites

A

Input zone
Receive information from other neurons

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5
Q

Neuron: Cell Body (soma)

A

Integration zone
Contains machinery of the cell

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6
Q

Neuron: Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty insulation around axons
Formed by glial cells
Speeds up transmission of signals along axons

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7
Q

Neuron: Axon

A

Conduction zone
Transmits information to other neurons, muscles, and glands
Length: mm for local connection, up to 1m for some motor neurons

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8
Q

Neuron: Axon Terminals

A

Output zone
Communicates cell’s activity to other cells at synapses
Contain synaptic vesicles where neurotransmitters are stored

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9
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

1 nerve process extending from cell body
An axon that extends into dendrites
Only occur in invertebrates

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10
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

2 extensions
1 axon & 1 dendrite
Many are specialised sensory neurons

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11
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

1 axon & many dendrites (and dendritic branches)
Allows for integration of information from other neurons

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

Short/no axon
Integrate neural activity within a single brain structure

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13
Q

Glial Cells: Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

Myelin

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14
Q

Glial Cells: Microglia (CNS)

A

Immune system responsibilities
Role in cell death, synapse formation, and synapse elimination

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15
Q

Glial cells: Astroglia (CNS)

A

Support and provide nourishment
Form blood-brain barrier
Establish and maintain synapses between neurons

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16
Q

Glial cells: Ependymal Cells (CNS)

A

Epithelial glial cells that develop along the surface of the ventricles of the brain and spinal canal
Play a critical role in cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis, brain metabolism, and clearance of waste from the brain

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17
Q

Glial Cells: Schwann Cells (PNS)

A

Myeline (compared to oligodendrocytes for CNS)
Trophic support (similar to astrocytes for CNS)

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18
Q

Glial Cells: Satellite Cells (PNS)

A

Trophic support
Maintain environment around neurons

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19
Q

Two Nervous Systems

A

CNS & PNS

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20
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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A

Brain & Spinal Cord
Located within skull and spine

21
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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A

Ganglia & Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Located outside the skull and spine

22
Q

Divisions of PNS

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A

Somatic (SNS) - interaction with external environment
Autonomic (ANS) - regulatory system that controls internal organs
Enteric - intestines

23
Q

Somatic Division (PNS)

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A

Sensory & Motor Neurons

24
Q

Autonomic Division (PNS)

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A

Sensory and Motor Neurons

25
Somatic Sensory Neurons (PNS)
Sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints TO CNS (AFFERENT)
26
Somatic Motor Neurons (PNS)
Motor impulses FROM CNS to skeletal muscles (EFFERENT)
27
Autonomic Sensory Neurons (PNS)
Sensory information from visceral organs TO CNS (AFFERENT)
28
Autonomic Motor Neurons (PNS)
Motor impulses FROM CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (EFFERENT)
29
Cranial Nerves (PNS)
Emerge from the brainstem 12 pairs: I Olfactory - smell II Optic - see III Oculomotor - move and blink IV Trochlear - move eyes V Trigeminal - feel face, taste, move jaw VI Abducens - move eyes VII Facial - facial expressions, taste VIII Vestibular - hearing and balance IX Glossopharyngeal - taste and swallow X Vagus - digestion and heart rate XI Spinal Accessory - shoulder/neck muscle movements XII Hypoglossal - tongue movement
30
Plexuses (PNS)
Structures in which nerve fibres within spinal and cranial nerves are redistributed, without synapse, to form other peripheral nerves
31
Peripheral Ganglia (PNS)
Structures outside the CNS where some nerve cell bodies are located
32
Autonomic Nervous System (PNS)
Sympathetic - "fight-or-flight" Parasympathetic - "rest and digest"
33
Sympathetic Nervous System
Pupils dilate Saliva inhibited Airways dilate Heart rate increases Stomach inhibits digestion Liver releases glucose Intestines inhibit digestion Kidneys release adrenaline Bladder relaxes Reproductive system decreases blood flow
34
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Pupils constrict Salivation Airways constrict Heart rate slows Stomach digests Intestines digest Bladder constricts Reproductive system increases blood flow
35
Brain (CNS)
The part of the CNS that fills the upper portion of the skull Contains billions of interacting cells that integrate information from inside and outside the body
36
Spinal Cord (CNS)
Cylindrical structure of nervous tissue uniformly organised Divided into four regions: Cervical (C) Thoracic (T) Lumbar (L) Sacral (S)
37
Forebrain
Telencephalon Diencephalon
38
Midbrain
Mesencephalon
39
Hindbrain
Metencephalon Myelencephalon (medulla) Pons Cerebellum
40
Hindbrain: Medulla
Attaches to the spinal cord Controls unconscious functions e.g., breathing, maintaining muscle tone, regulation circulation
41
Hindbrain: Pons
Includes bridge of fibres that connects brainstem with cerebellum Regulates respiration, controls involuntary actions, regulates equilibrium, taste, facial sensations
42
Hindbrain: Cerebellum
Large and deeply folded structure Located adjacent to back surface of brain stem Functions: fine movement, equilibrium, posture, motor learning 10% brain mass 50bn neurons 50% of all neurons in the brain 2 hemispheres connected by Vermis (worm)
43
Midbrain: Mesencephalon
Segment of brainstem that lies between hindbrain and forebrain 2 sections: Tectum (roof) - inferior colliculi (auditory) & superior colliculi (visual) Tegmentum
44
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Thalamus - "gateway to the cortex", all sensory modalities make synaptic relays here Hypothalamus - central organising structure for regulation of body's homeostatic functions
45
Forebrain: Telencephalon
Cerebrum - largest and uppermost portion of the brain Cerebral hemispheres - right and left halves of cerebrum Corpus callosum - bundle of nerve fibres that connect 2 hemispheres
46
Cerebral Hemispheres
Consist of: cerebral cortex basal ganglia amygdala hippocampus Concerned with perceptual, motor, and cognitive functions (memory and emotion)
47
Four Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital
48
Landmarks of the Brain
Precentral gyrus - on surface of posterior frontal lobe Rolandic (central) sulcus - separates frontal and parietal cortices Lateral sulcus - deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe Parieto-Occipital sulcus - separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe
49
Hippocampus
slide 40 week 6

Biological Psychology (1 decks)

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