Fundamentals of Biology Flashcards
(26 cards)
what are the four organic molecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
what are carbohydrates made out of?
Hydrogen and Oxygen
What are carbohydrates used for?
Most used for energy, some used to store energy, some used as structural molecules
what are proteins composed of
amino acids
what do proteins do
- some are enzymes carrying out chemical reactions
- some are hormones acting as messengers
- some are structural molecules
other important functions
Lipids function
- some have lipids under skin
- some provide bouyancy
- also used for storage
what are nucleic acids made of
small units called nucleiotides
Autotroph vs Heterotroph
autotroph - don’t need to eat because they provide their own energy
heterotroph - need to eat
what does cellular respiration use and produce
uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water as a byproduct
What is Primary production
the excess net increase in organic matter produced when autotrophs make more energy than they can use
what are nutrients
these include inorganic compounds like phosphates and nitrates (fertilizers) and also elements
prokaryotic
most basic of the cells, lack nucleus, less organelles, circular ring of DNA, Cell wall is normally present, unicellular organisms
Eukaryotic
Highly complex, DNA enclosed inside nucleus, variety, more organelles, unicellular or multicellular
what are the functions of all organelles
Nucleus - contains the chromosomes, which contain the DNA
Mitochondria - site of cellular respiration
Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum - manufacture, package, and transport cellular products such as proteins
Ribosomes - site of photosynthesis
Vacuoles - storage of water and nutrients
levels of organization
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Organs
Organ System
Complete organism/individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
what is diffusion
Movement of solutes from areas where they are more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated
what is Osmosis
movement of water from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated
what are osmoconformers
their internal concentration varies as the salinity changes
they do not attempt to control solute/water balance
therefore can only tolerate a narrow range of salinities
Osmoregulators
control internal concentrations of salt in many ways such as secreting very little urine or using specialized glands to secrete salts
can tolerate wide range of salinities
ectotherm
generate body heat metabolically but heat is rapidly lost so cannot maintain a constant internal body temp - matches that of environment
Endotherms
retain most metabolic heat, body temp higher than environment
Poikilotherms
body temperature varies with environment
Homeotherms
regulate body temp so it does not vary as much as the temp of the surrounding environment
what are three examples of asexual reproduction
Fission
Budding
Vegetative reproduction
