fundamentals of chemistry Flashcards
(22 cards)
structure of atom
- smallest unit of element with central nucleus surrounded by one/more electrons
- nucleus: protons and neutrons held together by nuclear force
- atoms have no charge as protons and electrons cancel
atomic mass
proton: 1
neutron: 1 but 0 charge
isotopes
same protons different neutrons
periodic table
column: groups
rows: periods
atomic mass
protons + neutrons
atomic number
protons
molecular mass
total mass of atom: co2 = 44.01
avogadros number
6.02 x 10 power 23
amount of moles
amount (g) / molar mass (g/mol)
molar
unit of concentration/volume
6mol/L = 6M
different orbitals
s, p and d
paul exclusion principle
any orbital can hold max 2 electrons, all p orbitals hold 9 electrons
shells
1st shell (nucleus): 2 electrons 1s
2nd shell: 8 electrons 1s, 3p
3rd shell: 18 electrons 1s,3p, 5d
subshells
2nd shell has 2 subshell 1s and 3p orbitals
core electrons
filled shells closest to nucleus
valence electrons
outer most shell, helps chemical reactions
lewis dot structure
shows valence electrons
group corresponds with valence electrons
-can form dingle, double, triple bonds
electronegativity
losing electrons
- estimates if bond is non-polar, covalent, polar covalent or ionic
- across period increases electronegativity as greater protons = greater attraction of electrons
- down a group decreases electronegativity as atoms have more electron shells so have bigger radius
electron affinity
gaining electrons
nonpolar
electrons shared equally
polar
electrons shared unequally
ionic bonds
electrons are transferred
