Fundamentals of Immunology Flashcards by Jhesfer Catayong

Process by which a host organism protects itself from attacks by both external and internal

Immunity

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Primary barrier

Naturally present

Happens in early life

Innate Immunity

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Mediated by innate immunity
Exposed in infection
Late development

Adaptive Immunity

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Exposed directly to infection

Active Natural

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Have antibodies without being exposed

Vaccine are formed

Active Artificial

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Antibodies pass from the mother via placenta

Breastmlik or colostrum

Passive Natural

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Transfusion

Transplantation

Passive Artificial

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Cell mediated
T-cells
Active against cancer cells & Transplanted tissues
kills through lysis

Cellular

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antibody mediated
B-cells
Production of antibodies in blood plasma and lymph

Humoral

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A substance recognized by the body as being foreign which can cause immune

The Antigen

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Foreign Substances

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasite
Allergen

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Referring to antigens that are products of allelic genes

Antithetical Antigens

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The affinity of an Antibodies and the antigen against which it is directed

Antigen Specificity

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Blood Group Antigens

Protein
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins

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Rh, Mn, N blood group substance

Proteins

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ABH, Lewis, Li, P blood group subtance

Glycolipids

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Human Leukocyte Antigen

Glycoproteins

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Also known as Immunoglobulins/gamma globulins
Secreted by mature B cells named as plasma cells
Bind foreign molecules known as antigen

The Antibody

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Five Immunoglobulins

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

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Antibodies exposure to non-self antigens

Alloantibodies

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Produced in response to RBC stimulation through transfusion l, transplantation or pregnancy

Immune Alloantibodies

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Exposure to environmental sources
(Fungus & bacteria)

Natural Occuring Alloantibodies

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Antibodies produced in one individual then transmitted to another individual via plasma containing blood (IVIG)

Passively Acquired Antibodies

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___directed against antigens expressed on one’s own RBCs

Autoantibodies

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Produced directed to your own antigens

Antibodies

Detects IgM

Immediate Spin

Mostly it is an incomplete antibody

Thermophase

Ab screening : IgG

AntihumanGlobulin

Is a complex Group of over 20 circulating and cell membrane proteins that have a multitude of functions within the immune response

The complement System

3 main pathway

Classical Complement pathway Alternative Complement pathway Lectin Complement pathway

- Tertiary line of defense - Activated by Antigen-Antibody binding - Requires IgM or IgG for activation - IgG antibody depends on concentration of cell surface

Classical Complement Pathway

- Activated by surface contracts with complex molecules & artificial surfaces such as dialysis membranes & dextran polymers - allows activation of complement without acquired immunity

Alternative Complement Pathway

- Activated by the attachment of MBL to microbes - Reactions are the same as those of the Classical Pathway

Lectin Complement Pathway

Ending Complement What will Happened?

Membrane attack complex Cell lysis/Cell destruction

RBC antigen could react specifically to an antibody

Red blood cell - antibody interaction

Tested using Antigen

Antibodies

Tested using antibodies

Antigens

Antibody Reagents:

1. Typing Sera/Antisera 2. Lectins

- Cell clumping

Hemolysis

- When there’s cell destruction, this indicates that RBC antigen reacts with antibodies.

1. Complement Protein Activation 2. Strong Agglutination Reaction 3. Physical manifestation of Hemolytic

Apparatus to deactivate the complement

Water Bath at 56°c

Turbid red

Hematuria

Clear Red

Hemoglobinuria

Will lyse the RBC (in vivo)

Strong agglutination reaction

Reaction: Clear red

Physical manifestation of hemolytic

- RBCs in close proximity - speed - length

Centrifugation

Centri is too fast, too long

False positive

Centri is too slow, too short

False negative

Expressed in Angstroms unit (A)

Antibody length

1000 A unit

IgM

250 A unit

IgG

The electric repulsion or clouding between RBCs.

Zeta potential

There will be delay in agglutination reaction:

Incubation time: increased test sensitivity : decreased

Directly proportional to one another

Relationship of Zeta potential & IT

Reagent that will dissolve zeta potential

Potentiator

If the antigen of the RBCs are positioned on the outer part of the cell membrane

Faster agglutination reaction

If the antigen of the RBCs are positioned on the inner part of the cell membrane

Delay or decrease in agglutination

It is based on the zeta potential level

Length of incubation time

Based on the time of antibody that reacts with the antigen

Reaction temperature

Ab is IgM, reaction temperature is ___

cold at room temperature

Optimal temperature

4 degC

Ab is IgG, reaction temperature is ___

Warm at 37 degC

React optimally at the ___ phase of testing

Antihumanglobulin (AHG)

Ab reacts at a pH plasma

7.35 - 7.4

Some Ab that reacts at lower pH such as

Anti-M Ab

Acidic pH __ (perform specimen acidification)

6.0 - 6.5

When optimal concentration of Ag reacts with optimal reaction Ab

Point of Equivalence

Where Ag or Ab is excess

Zonal effect/phenomenon

Ab is excess remedy:

Prozone (Perform Serial Dilution)

Ag is excess Remedy:

Postzone (RCS or cell washing)

These are ____ that aid in detection of clinically significant antibodies which are commonly in IgG in nature

Enhancement Media

Maybe added to crosslink sensitised cells. Detects IgG

AHG or Antihumanglobulin reagent

Can also detect IgG, by adjusting zeta potential between the RBC

22% Albumin

Contains 0.2% sodium chloride(NaCl), which causes RBC to take up antibodies more rapidly

LISS or Low Ionic Strength Solution

This works by aggregating red cells, causing closer proximity for easier cross-linking of the red cells

PEG or Polyethylene Glycol

Reagents that reduce RBC

Enzymes

Example of Enzymes:

Ficin - fig tree Papain - papaya Trypsin - intestines Bromelin - pineapple

These enzymes they can destroy

Duffy, MNs, Antigens

These enzymes they can Enhance

RH, kidd, P1, Lewis & I antigens

Good detection of IgM & IgG

Saline

DegC of IgM

@25 degC

DegC of IgG

@37 degC

-Pentamer Structures -cold reacting -readily agglutinating - responsible for primary response

IgM

-Monomer structure -warm reacting -needs AHG reagent -responsible for secondary response

IgG

Antibody-like substances or agents obtained or derived from plant sources specifically seed extracts that could detect specific antigen

Lectins

Same with lectins, but it is derived from animal sources most commonly from snail

Prolectins

Fundamentals of Immunology Flashcards

(86 cards)