Fundamentals of Nutrition

Question 1

Many noncommunicable disease processes are directly associated with _____.

Answer 1

poor nutritional intake

Question 2

A _____ is any substance providing nourishment essential for growth & life

Answer 2

nutrient

Question 3

In human metabolism, there are 7 basic types of nutrients that we categorize into three main categories

Answer 3

Macronutrients - Substances we require in large amounts in the diet
■ Carbohydrates ■ Fats ■ Protein
Micronutrients - Substances we require in small amounts in the diet
■ Vitamins ■ Minerals
Other Substances vitally important for digestion and nutrition
■ Water ■ Fiber

Question 4

A Carbohydrate, or ____, is a molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in various forms of Cx(H2O)y

Answer 4

saccharide

Question 5

All carbohydrates are composed of _____ molecules

Answer 5

Fructose, Glucose, and/or Galactose

Question 6

Monosaccharide found primarily in fruits and honey

Answer 6

Fructose

Question 7

Disaccharide containing fructose and glucose, found in fruits, vegetables, and table sugar

Answer 7

Sucrose

Question 8

Disaccharide containing glucose and galactose, in dairy products

Answer 8

Lactose

Question 9

Large polysaccharides chains of glucose, present in almost all non-animal foods (potatoes, corn, grains, rice, etc.)

Answer 9

Starches

Question 10

4 major forms of dietary carbohydrates:

Answer 10

Fructose
Sucrose
Lactose
Starches

Question 11

Because of their chemical structures, ____ are not very useful to human cells in their original state

Answer 11

fructose and galactose

Question 12

Process for breaking down sucrose

Answer 12

The enzyme Sucrase, in the intestinal brush border membrane, is able to separate it into the two monosaccharides, which are then absorbed into portal blood.

Question 13

Process for breaking down Lactose

Answer 13

The enzyme Lactase, in the intestinal brush border membrane, is able to separate it into the two monosaccharides, which are then absorbed into portal blood.

Question 14

If levels of ____ get low enough, the intestines are unable to break lactose into monosaccharides.

Answer 14

Lactase

Question 15

If large amounts reach the large intestine, lactose is fermented by bacteria, producing ____

Answer 15

hydrogen gas

Question 16

Starch breakdown

Answer 16

• The enzyme amylase is contained in saliva and released by the pancreas into the duodenum.
• It is able to hydrolyse starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides that can then be turned into glucose, which is then absorbed.

Question 17

A single glucose molecule is metabolized into a total of ____ molecules of ATP. This is through Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 17

38

Question 18

Glycolysis is the first step in this process of breaking down glucose, splitting glucose into ____.

Answer 18

two molecules of pyruvic acid

Question 19

Acetyl Coenzyme A is then degraded through a series of chemical reactions called the____ (also known as the Krebs Cycle)

Answer 19

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 20

If the cells become saturated with glycogen, liver and fat cells convert ____ into fat to be stored in fat cells.

Answer 20

excess glucose

Question 21

In glycogenolysis, Glucose molecules are broken off through phosphorylation, using an enzyme called ____

Answer 21

Phosphorylase.

Question 22

Phosphorylase must first be activated by either _____ or _____ .

Answer 22

Epinephrine; Glucagon

Question 23

Fibers are found in plants, forming the leaves, stems, and seeds. Technically, they are a form of ____

Answer 23

carbohydrate

Question 24

Two types of fiber

Answer 24

• Water-soluble (pectin, gum): slow the passage of foods. Found in oats, peas, beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots, barley, and psyllium
• Insoluble (cellulose, hemicellulose): increase bulk and speed up food passage through the GI tract. Found in whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans, cauliflower, green beans, and potatoes

Question 25

Dietary fats are made up of triglycerides, which are lipid structures made of____.

Answer 25

3 fatty acids and a glycerol head

Question 26

Types of dietary fats

Answer 26

- Saturated: Bacon, milk products, coconut, shortening, most meats - Trans: Commercial baking goods, fried foods, margarine, shortening - Monounsaturated: avocados, nuts, olives, peanut butter, seeds - Polyunsaturated (Omega-3 and 6): seeds, nuts, fish, flaxseed

Question 27

Globules of triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged up with phospholipids and proteins by the Golgi Apparatus to form _____

Answer 27

Chylomicrons

Question 28

As Chylomicrons move through capillaries, ____ hydrolyzes triglycerides in the Chylomicron, sloughing off free fatty acids and glycerol.

Answer 28

Lipoprotein Lipase

Question 29

Once hydrolyzed, free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerols and are readily absorbed into the capillary epithelium and nearby cells, where they reassemble as ____ and can be utilized by the body

Answer 29

triglycerides

Question 30

____ is not a fat, but is a sterol (amphipathic lipid) widely distributed in animal tissue.

Answer 30

Cholesterol

Question 31

TF Cholesterol is fat soluble

Answer 31

T

Question 32

Cholesterol obtained from the diet is absorbed into _____ along with triglycerides via Chylomicrons

Answer 32

the lacteals of the intestinal microvilli

Question 33

Excretion of cholesterol occurs ____

Answer 33

through the feces via bile

Question 34

The liver also produces _____, which are a lipoprotein structure similar to Chylomicrons, but highly packed with triglycerides and cholesterol.

Answer 34

Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)

Question 35

The more triglycerides a lipoprotein has, the ____ dense it is.

Answer 35

less

Question 36

The liver facilitates clearance of ____ from the plasma.

Answer 36

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

Question 37

As VLDLs circulate, ____ are deposited in tissues (the same way it occurs with Chylomicrons).

Answer 37

triglycerides

Question 38

______ are primarily responsible for the delivery of cholesterol to the tissues for cellular function.

Answer 38

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs)

Question 39

Because of its association with increased atherosclerotic fatty deposits, ____ is often referred to as the “bad cholesterol.”

Answer 39

LDL cholesterol

Question 40

____ is capable of removing LDLs from circulation when found in excess with LDL receptor stimulation.

Answer 40

The liver

Question 41

____ are the smallest and most dense lipoprotein

Answer 41

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs)

Question 42

HDL can participate in _____, meaning they may be able to remove cholesterol from tissues (including arterial walls).

Answer 42

reverse cholesterol transport

Question 43

There is a statistical decrease risk of heart disease and stroke when patients have higher levels of ____

Answer 43

HDL

Question 44

ATP production is ____ efficient with fatty acids than the carbs.

Answer 44

more

Question 45

Proteins from meat and other animal products are complete proteins, meaning they supply all of the_____.

Answer 45

essential amino acids

Question 46

AAs must be transported across cell membranes (both in and out) via ____ or ____

Answer 46

facilitated transport or active transport using carrier mechanisms

Question 47

After AAs enter into tissue cells, they combine with one another by ____, directed by the ribosomal system to form cellular proteins.

Answer 47

peptide linkages,

Question 48

Two forms of protein storage

Answer 48

- Any “storage” that occurs with AAs is basically in the form of actual cellular proteins, such as enzymes, organelles, receptors, etc. - Large scale storage does not occur, although muscle tissue is a form of “protein storage.”

Question 49

Some intracellular proteins can be rapidly decomposed into AAs under the influence of ____

Answer 49

lysosomal enzymes.

Question 50

_____ are degraded and used for energy, stored as fat, or occasionally stored as glycogen

Answer 50

Surplus AAs

Question 51

Amino acids can be converted into _____.

Answer 51

Acetyl-CoA

Question 52

The process of degrading AAs occurs almost entirely in the liver and begins with _____, which is the _____.

Answer 52

Deamination; removal of the amino groups from AAs

Question 53

Ammonia is converted into _____, which is water soluble, and can then be excreted by the kidneys.

Answer 53

urea,

Question 54

Deaminated AAs are known as _____

Answer 54

Keto Acids

Question 55

the body can use AAs for energy via conversion of the keto acid into a substrate of the _____

Answer 55

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 56

_____ is a hormone produced by the fat cells in your body. Its main role is to regulate fat storage and how many calories you eat and burn. It decreases food cravings and increases satiety. It is more related to long term regulation of food intake

Answer 56

Leptin

Question 57

_____ is produced and released mainly by the stomach. It is a hormone that sends a signal to your brain to feel hungry.

Answer 57

Ghrelin

Question 58

_____ are non-caloric, essential organic nutrients needed in smaller amounts in the diet.

Answer 58

Vitamins

Question 59

_____ vitamins are absorbed into the lymph and can be stored in the liver and fatty tissues. Because of this, they can build up to toxic concentrations over time. Periodic doses of these can be sufficient.

Answer 59

Fat soluble

Question 60

_____ vitamins are absorbed directly into the bloodstream and most are not stored in high quantities. Excess is secreted in the urine. For that reason, frequent intake is more essential and toxicity is less common.

Answer 60

Water soluble

Question 61

Fat vs. water soluble vitamins:

Answer 61

Fat soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, and K Water soluble: Vitamin C and the B Vitamins - Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Folate (B9), Biotin, Cobalamin (B12), and pyridoxine(B6)

Question 62

inorganic nutrients that are needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy.

Answer 62

Minerals

Question 63

Major Minerals and Trace Minerals

Answer 63

- Major Minerals, in order of quantity in the body, includes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chloride, and Magnesium. - Minor Minerals, in order of quantity in the body, includes: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iodine, and Selenium