Fundamentals of Physiology

Question 1

what is physiology

Answer 1

function

Question 2

integrative nature of physiology

Answer 2

across levels of bio organizations

across disciplines

Question 3

different areas of specialization

integrative focus

Answer 3

disciplines

Question 4

two questions of physiology

Answer 4

how?

• mechanisms
• classic phys

why?

• evolution
• evolutionary phys

Question 5

describe ECF

Answer 5

• “bufferzone”
• provides favorable internal environment
• made up of two fluids
  
  • ISF- fluid cells are in
  • blood- only in vessels

Question 6

is homeostasis = stasis?

Answer 6

no, organisms do not maintain stasis, only when dead

Question 7

• animal allows internal condition to change with environment
• ex: insects, fish, amphibians

Answer 7

temp conformity

Question 8

• maintain “internal consistency”

- ex: humans, mammals, birds

Answer 8

temp regulators

Question 9

exception to temp regulators

Answer 9

circadian rhythm

-temp change when doing activity compared to when sleeping

Question 10

advantages and disadvantages to temp conformity and reguators

Answer 10

temp conformity

• adv: low cost energy (can eat less)
• dis: more restriction distributor

temp regulators

• adv: more diverse environment exploted
• dis: high energy cost

Question 11

long term adaptations

Answer 11

acclimation and acclimatization

Question 12

chronic response to environment involving 1-2 variables

Answer 12

acclimation

Question 13

chronic response to environment involving many variables

Answer 13

acclimatization

Question 14

prefix for narrow range

Answer 14

steno-

Question 15

prefix for wide range

Answer 15

eury-

Question 16

• acute changes
• chronic changes (acclimation/acclimatization)
• evolutionary changes

Answer 16

external environment phys responses

Question 17

• developmental changes

- changes controlled by periodic biological clocks

Answer 17

internal environment phys responses

Question 18

scaling of physiology (function) with body size

Answer 18

allometry

Question 19

methods of study

Answer 19

comparative method
study of lab populations
studies of gene frequency change in generation
genetic mutants/ knock outs/ interference RNA
phylogenic reconstruction
cell structure adaptation

Question 20

• independent gene pods (taxons), type of environment, and diverse strategies/responses
• method used to study evolution by natural selection

Answer 20

comparative method

Question 21

evidence for evolution by natural selection

Answer 21

convergent evolution

Question 22

• selective environment to phenotypic change

- ex: fruit flies, worms

Answer 22

study of lab populations

Question 23

• field studies
• mortality event
• ex: energy reserves to get thru winter, which is stressful (survival is under natural selection)

Answer 23

studies of gene frequency change in generation

Question 24

-allows to modify expression of phenotype and test it

Answer 24

genetic mutants/ knock outs/ interference RNA

Question 25

-involves mapping physiological traits on a phylogenic tree

Answer 25

phylogenic reconstruction

Question 26

- cell membrane structure (homeostasis: lipid and protein composition) - protein function in metabolic pathways (maintain metabolite flux) - thermogenic tissue (generate heat)

Answer 26

cell structure adaptation

Question 27

tools of physiology

Answer 27

- classical physiology experiment | - omics

Question 28

whole organism in enviornment

Answer 28

animal function (classical physiology experiment)

Question 29

body organ function in enviornment

Answer 29

tissue fucntion (classical physiology experiment)

Question 30

study of genetics and gene expression | central dogma essentially studied

Answer 30

omics

Question 31

genetic architecture | size of genome, # of chromosomes, # of gene families

Answer 31

genomics

Question 32

study of gene expression | mRNA and transcription factors

Answer 32

transcriptomics

Question 33

study of small (organic) molecules

Answer 33

metaboliomics

Question 34

study of proteins and how they respond to physiological elements

Answer 34

proteomics

Question 35

identity of genes, gene function

Answer 35

annotation

Question 36

what is occurring in light and dark meat in turkeys

Answer 36

white meat- meant for quick flight | dark meat- contains myoglobin (tissues with high rates of aerobic- muscles)

Question 37

- EST- expressed sequence tags (short DNA sequences) | - cDNA will compliment DNA on glass

Answer 37

micoarray

Question 38

transcriptomics change in gene expression

Answer 38

mRNA--reverse transcriptase--> cDNA cDNA - -->microarray- fluorescence (how strong seq. is) - --> RNA seq.- (gives copy #; how many)