Fundamentals of PTA Week 1&2 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
What are the stages of trauma?
A
- Initial shock
- Denial: days to weeks
- Grief: mourning, self blame
- Anger: eternalizing blame, non compliance
- Resolution: acceptance
2
Q
What is a linear motion?
A
Moves at same time, same direction and same distance (aka translatory)
- Rectilinear and Curvilinear
3
Q
What is angular motion?
A
Moves at same time, same direction but not same distance (aka rotatory) e.g. knee extension while sitting on a chair
4
Q
What is an example of combination of angular and linear movement?
A
Person on a skateboard
5
Q
Synarthrosis -
Motion?
Structure?
Example?
A
Has a thin layer of fibrous periosteum between two bones.
Motion - No
Structure - Fibrous-suture joint
Example - Skull
6
Q
Syndesmosis -
Motion?
Structure?
Example?
A
A fibrous joint that connects two adjacent bones with ligaments or a strong membrane.
Motion - Slight amount of twisting/stretching
Example - Distal tibiofibular joint (in the ankle) and distal radioulnar joint
7
Q
Gomphosis
Motion?
Structure?
Example?
A
Motion - No
Structure - Fibrous peg in socket
Example - Between teeth and mandible
8
Q
Amphiarthrosis
Motion?
Structure?
Example?
A
Has either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Motion - Little; bending/twisting; compression; provide stability
Structure - Cartilagenous
Example - Symphysis pubis, vertebral discs, ribs
9
Q
Diarthrosis
Motion?
Structure?
Example?
A
Most common; further classified into movement and degrees of freedom
Motion - Free
Structure - Synovial
Example - Hip, elbow, knee
10
Q
Kinetics vs kinematics
A
Kinetics- Forces and motion only and reveals how forces affect motion.
Kinematics- Motion only–or how an object moves through space–without reference to any associated force.
11
Q
What is osteokinematics?
A
Joint motion.
Movement of bones around a joint axis; one bone moving on another
- Flexion and extension
- Abduction and adduction
- Lateral and medial rotation
E.g. Humerus moving on the scapula
12
Q
What is arthrokinematics?
A
Joint surface motion
- Roll, spin, glide.
E.g. Humeral head’s movement within glenoid fossa of scapula
13
Q
What are component movements?
A
Motions that accompany active motion but are not under voluntary control.
14
Q
Superior is also called?
A
Cephalad
15
Q
Inferior is also called?
A
Caudal
16
Q
What do bones consist of?
A
- Organic and inorganic material
- Comprised of compact and cancellous
17
Q
What are long bones?
A
Diaphysis with 2 epiphysis
E.g. femur, tibia
18
Q
What are short bones?
A
Carpals, tarsals - usually articulate with more than one bone
19
Q
What are flat bones?
A
Broad, thin surface
E.g. scapula, sternum, ilium
20
Q
What are irregular bones?
A
Mixed shapes
E.g. vertebra, sacrum
21
Q
What are sesamoid bones?
A
Patella, pisiform
22
Q
What is diaphysis
A
Main shaft; center is medullary cavity
23
Q
What is medullary canal
A
Hollow; decreases the weight of the bone
- Contains marrow and provides passage for nutrient arteries
24
Q
What is endosteum
A
The membrane that lines the medullary canal
For bone resorption
25
What is osteoclasts responsible for?
Responsible for bone resorption
26
What is epiphysis
Each end of a long bone
- In adult, it is osseous; in children, it is cartilaginous (epiphyseal plate: manufactures new bone)
27
What is metaphysis
- Flared part at each end of the diaphysis
- Made up of cancellous (spongy) bone
- Functions to support the epiphysis
28
What is periosteum and its functions?
- Tough fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces
- Contains nerve and blood vessels to provide nourishment, prompt growth and repair
Function:
- Nourishment
- Growth in diameter of immature bone
- Repair of the bone
- Attachment for tendons and ligaments
29
During flexion, what happens to the angle of body parts and the movement occurs in what plane and around what axis?
↓ Angle
Sagittal plane around the frontal axis
30
During extension, what happens to the angle of body parts and the movement occurs in what plane and around what axis?
↑ Angle
Sagittal plane around the frontal axis
31
Abduction/adduction occurs in what plane and around what axis?
Frontal plane around sagittal axis
32
ER and IR are what movements in what plane through what axis?
Lateral/medial movement
Transverse plane
Vertical axis
33
Thumb flexion/extension (thumb moving side to side; parallel to the palm) occurs in what plane and axis?
Frontal plane; sagittal axis
34
Thumb abduction/adduction (thumb moving up and down, perpendicular to the palm) occurs in what plane and axis?
Sagittal plane; frontal axis
35
What are the joint motions in sagittal plane around frontal axis?
Flexion/extension
36
What are the joint motions in frontal plane around sagittal axis?
Abduction/adduction
Radial/ulnar deviation
Eversion/inversion
37
What are the joint motions in transverse plane around vertical axis?
Medial/lateral rotation
Supination/pronation
Right/left rotation
Horizontal abduction/adduction
38
How many bones are in axial skeleton? What is their function?
80 of the skull, hyoid, vertebral, ribs, sternum, coccyx
- Support, protection, hemopoiesis
39
How many bones are in appendicular skeleton? What is their function?
126 bones of the extremities; clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, mcps, phalanges, tarsals, mtps, pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula
- Locomotion
40
What is joint capsule in synovial joints made of?
fibrous cartilage
41
What does synovial membrane do and what does it secrete?
Lines joint capsules
Secretes synovial fluid
42
Synovial joint bone ends are covered in what?
Articulating cartilage aka cushions for bone surfaces
43
What are examples of plane/ gliding joint (a type of synovial joint)?
The joints between the metacarpal bones of the hand and those between the cuneiform bones of the foot.
Uniaxial
44
What are examples of sellar joint (aka saddle joint)?
The carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
45
What are examples of hinge joint?
Knee, elbow
46
What are examples of pivot joint?
AA joint, proximal radioulnar joint
47
What are examples of condyloid joint (aka ellipsoid joint)?
MCP, MTP, AO joint, distal radiocarpal joint (wrist)
48
What are examples of ball and socket joint?
Glenohumeral, acetabular
49
What are characteristics of nonaxial joint?
- Linear movement
- Gliding motion
- Flat joint surface
- e.g. intercarpal
50
What are characteristics of uniaxial joint?
- 1 axis, 1 plane
- 1 degree of freedom
- Hinge or pivot
- e.g. Elbow and interphalangeal (fingers) joint
51
What are characteristics of biaxial joint?
- 2 axes/ 2 planes
- 2 degree of freedom
- Condyloid or saddle
- e.g. MCP (knuckles) and radiocarpal
52
What are characteristics of triaxial joint?
- 3 axes/ 3 planes
- 3 degrees of freedom
- Ball and socket
- e.g. hip and shoulder
53
What is "degrees of freedom"?
Motion around axis and planes
54
What is the degree of freedom for the talocrural joint?
- 1 degree (df/pf)
- Formed by the distal ends of the tibia and fibula, and the talus bone
55
What is the degree of freedom for subtalar joint?
1 degree (inv/ev)
Formed by the talus and calcaneus
56
What is the degree of freedom for midtarsal joint?
2 degrees (df/ pf/ add/ abd/ in/ ev)
Formed by talonavicular and calcaneocuboid
57
What is a bursa?
A small pad-like sacs
- In areas of excessive friction
- Under tendons/ bony promiences
- e.g. olecranon bursa, student's bursa
58
What is an aponeurosis?
Broad, flat sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to each other or to bones
59
What is fascia?
Sheath of stringy connective tissue that surrounds every part of your body. It provides support to your muscles, tendons, ligaments, tissues, organs, nerves, joints and bones
60
What are three types of cartilages?
- Hyaline
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic
61
What are characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
- Ends of opposing bones
- Smooth articular surface
- No blood/ nerve supply
- Nutrition from synovial fluid
62
What are characteristics of fibrocartilage?
Shock absorption, important in weight bearing joints
- e.g. menisci knee, labrum, intervertebral discs
63
What are elastic cartilage and where can you find them?
Allow certain amount of motion
- e.g. symphysis pubis, larynx
64
What are different classifications of fractures?
- Simple: bone break w/o protrusion
- Compound: bone breaks with protrusion
- Greenstick: young bone
- Comminuted: several pieces
- Impacted: end of one bone pushed up into remainder of other bone
- Double: break in 2 places
- Multi
- Spiral
65
What is osteoporosis and what does it lead to?
Loss of bone density that can lead to pathological fracture
66
What is osteomyelitis?
Bacterial infection of bone
67
What are the types of fracture reduction?
- Closed reduction: push pieces back into place
- Open reduction: requires surgical intervention
- Internal fixation: internal with rods, screws; may be permanent
- External fixation: temporary
68
What is power?
Measure of muscle performance and is work/time
69
What is strength?
Ability of muscle groups to produce tension and results in maximal effort either dynamically or statically in relation to the demand placed on it
70
What is endurance?
Necessary to perform repeated motor tasks in activities of daily living.
- Total body endurance: Low intensity exercise/time
- Muscle endurance: Isolated muscle group performance/time
71
What is flexibility and mobility?
Necessary for performance of normal functional activities.
Mobility exercises will restore lengths of muscles.
72
What is relaxation?
Conscious effort to relieve tension in muscle through therapeutic exercise
73
What is coordination?
Ability to use the right muscle at the right time with appropriate sequencing and intensity which requires an intact motor system
74
What is fatigue?
Affects functional performance
75
What is local muscle fatigue?
- Diminished response of a muscle to repeated stimulus.
- It’s a normal physiological response characterized by a decrease in amplitude of motor unit potentials.
76
What is recovery from fatigue?
Time to restore body to pre-existing state
77
What is overwork?
Causes temporary of permanent deterioration of strength as a result of exercise
78
What is substitution?
May occur with much resistance or with weak muscle
79
What is muscle soreness?
Develops during or directly after strenuous exercise performed to a point of fatigue; occurs because of lack of oxygen, usually transcient.
80
What is DOMS?
Develops 24-48hrs after exercise and slowly diminishes within a week
81
What is contractures and fibrosis?
Conditions that can affect the body's muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and can cause a loss of movement in joints
82
What is open kinematic chain?
Movement that occurs in chain where distal segment moves freely in space; specific muscle isolation
E.g. chest presses, biceps curls, leg curls and leg extensions
83
What is closed kinematic chain?
Movement occurs over fixed distal segment; involves multiple joints moving against linear resistance; often used to improve coordination, balance, and core strength
E.g. squats and push ups
84
What is isometric?
Muscle shortens with no appreciable change in length of muscles
Speed - fixed
Resistance - fixed
Joint motion - no
E.g. plank
85
What is isotonic?
Exercises carried out against constant load as muscle lengthens/shortens through ROM
- Concentric/eccentric
Speed - variable
Resistance - fixed
Joint motion - yes
E.g. squats, pull up, push up
86
What is isokinetic?
Dynamic exercise where movement occurs at a constant speed and resistance is variable
Speed - fixed
Resistance - variable
Joint motion - yes
E.g. spin bike
87
What is concentric?
Muscle shortens with a decrease in joint angle (against gravity)
88
What is eccentric?
Muscle elongates with increased joint angle (with gravity)
89
What is muscle irritability?
Capacity to respond to a stimulus
90
What is muscle contractility?
Ability to shorten or elongate
91
What is muscle extensibility?
Ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied
92
What is muscle elasticity?
Ability to return to normal resting length once force is removed
93
What is the excursion of a muscle?
Distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening.
94
What is a functional excursion of a muscle?
The distance a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to it’s max
95
What is muscle length-tension relationship?
Force built up in muscle causing movement and muscles can be shortened and lengthened half of its normal resting length
96
Muscles are strongest when...?
Put on a slight stretch before contracting
E.g kicking a ball
1. Hyperextend hip and then flex it forcefully
2. Put hip flexors on a stretch before contracting
97
Muscle insertion move toward...?
The origin
Insertion = more movable bone
Origin = more stable bone
98
In order to achieve mechanical advantage, the resisting arm should be...?
Decreased
99
Mechanical advantage is equal to...?
The length of the force arm (distance between the force and axis) divided by the resistant arm (distance between the resistance and the axis) i.e. MA=FA/RA
100
Law of Inertia
An object at rest, stays at rest. An object in motion, tends to stay in motion.
101
Law of Acceleration
Force equals mass times acceleration; F=MXA
102
Law of Action-Reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
103
Muscle names tell us about..?
- Location
- Shape
- Action
- Number of heads/divisions
- Attachments (origin/insertion)
- Direction of the fibers
- Size of the muscle
104
What are the characteristics of fibers "parallel" to the long axis of the muscle?
- Longer
- Greater ROM potential
- Strap, fusiform, rhomboidal, triangular
105
What are the characteristics of fibers "oblique" to the long axis of the muscle?
- Shorter
- Greater strength potential (due to more fiber)
- Small ROM potential
106
What are examples of muscles with parallel fibers?
- SCM (strap)
- Biceps, brachialis, and brachioradialis
muscles. (fusiform - spindle shaped)
- Rhomboids, glutes, (rhomboidal)
- Pectoralis major (triangular)
107
What are examples of muscles with oblique fibers?
- Tibialis posterior (unipennate)
- Rectus femoris (bipennate)
- Deltoid (multipennate)
108
What are the mechanical properties of muscle?
- Comprised of many myofibrils made up of sarcomeres
- Sarcomeres are the contractile units comprised of actin and myosin
- The sliding of both cause muscle to shorten
- Requires energy and calcium ions
109
What's the purpose of stretching?
To lengthen the resting length of a muscle.
Must avoid overstretching and ballistic movements
110
What is First Class Lever?
FAR
Balance and posture
e.g. head flex and ext., seesaw
F - Muscles on the opposite side
A - Vertebrae
R - Weight of head
111
What is Second Class Lever?
ARF
Power (Mechanical advantage)
e.g. Ankle, wheelbarrow
A - MTP joints in the foot
R - Tibia and body weight
F - Plantar flexors
112
What is Third Class Lever?
AFR
For ROM
Most common in the body
e.g. The elbow joint; screen door with spring
A - Elbow joint
F - Brachioradialis
R - In the hand
113
R, the resistance is the same as...?
Load
114
What is cocontraction of muscle
When the antagonist contracts at the same time as
the agonist
115
What does the neutralizer muscle do?
When a muscle can do two actions, but only one is wanted.
Contracts to prevent unwanted motion.
116
What does the synergist muscle do?
Group of muscles that works with one or more
other muscles to enhance a particular motion.
117
What is active insufficiency?
The point at which a muscle cannot shorten any farther
118
What is passive insufficiency?
When a muscle cannot be elongated any farther without damage to its fibers.
119
What is autonomy?
The right of a patient to make their own decisions, including their right to privacy and confidentiality.
120
What is benifience?
The obligation to act in the patient's best interest, which includes avoiding harm and ensuring equal services.
121
What is fidelity?
A therapist's moral obligation to keep promises and commitments to patients.
This includes keeping information confidential and providing services as ordered by a physician.
122
What is informed consent?
A type of consent that must be obtained to avoid claims of medical negligence.
123
What is maleficience?
The obligation to avoid harming the patient.
124
What is justice?
The obligation to treat all people equally and fairly, including the fair distribution of healthcare resources.
125
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