FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLAR COLLECTION AND THERMAL CONVERSION

Question 1

is a general
term for the electromagnetic radiation
emitted by the sun.

Answer 1

Solar radiation,

Question 2

can
be captured and turned into useful
forms of energy, such as heat and
electricity, using a variety of
technologies.

Answer 2

Solar radiation

Question 3

main energy source in our earth

Answer 3

solar radiation

Question 4

It is the input power source to the

Answer 4

PV Generator

Question 5

is directionally
fixed, coming from the disk of the Sun.

Answer 5

Direct Radiation

Question 6

is, then, the
radiation that experienced
scattering processes in the
atmosphere.

Answer 6

Scattered Radiation

Question 7

is a type of sunshine
recorder.

Answer 7

CAMPBELL-STOKES DAYLIGHT
RECORDER

Question 8

What did John Francis Campbell invented in 1853?

Answer 8

CAMPBELL-STOKES DAYLIGHT
RECORDER

Question 9

Who modified the CAMPBELL-STOKES DAYLIGHT
RECORDER in 1879?

Answer 9

Sir George Gabriel Strokes

Question 10

What are the types of solar radiation?

Answer 10

Direct Radiation and Diffuse Radiation

Question 11

What does direct radiation means?

Answer 11

Comes directly from the Sun to the
Earth’s surface without being
scattered.

Question 12

What does diffuse radiation means?

Answer 12

Results from sunlight being
scattered by molecules and
particles in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Question 13

when does direct radiation occurs?

Answer 13

Occurs when sunlight travels in a
straight path from the Sun to a
specific point

Question 14

when does diffuse radiation occurs?

Answer 14

Appears as a uniform illumination
from the entire sky, not from a
specific direction.

Question 15

Direct radiaton Can be focused or concentrated by?

Answer 15

mirrors or lenses

Question 16

is an instantaneous power density in units of kW/m2.

Answer 16

Solar radiance

Question 17

is the amount of electromagnetic energy (solar
radiation) incident on the surface of the earth. This refers to the amount
of sunlight shining down on the area under consideration.

Answer 17

Solar insolation

Question 18

refers to the power per unit area received from the
Sun’s rays at a specific location on the Earth’s surface.

Answer 18

Solar irradiance

Question 19

It is typically measured in watts per square meter (W/m2) and represents
the amount of solar energy striking a surface.

Answer 19

Solar Radiance

Question 20

short for “incoming solar radiation,”

Answer 20

Solar Insolation

Question 21

It is typically measured in kilowatt-hours per square meter per day
(kWh/m2/day) or megajoules per square meter per day (MJ/m2/day).

Answer 21

Solar Insolation

Question 22

What are the PROPERTIES FOR SEMICONDUCTORS OF SOLAR CELLS

Answer 22

1. Atomic Structure
2. Doping
3. Carrier Concentration
4. Transport Properties
   a. Drift
   b. Diffusion
5. Recombination and Generation
6. Optical Properties
7. Carrier Concentration in non Equilibrium

Question 23

what are the Three distinct arrangements for any material?

Answer 23

1Crystalline, Amorphouse and polycrystalline

Question 24

what is crytsalline?

Answer 24

Where the atoms are perfectly ordered in a three-
dimensional array.

Question 25

What is amorphous?

Answer 25

Where the atoms of the material have random order compared with their original sites in the single crystal

Question 26

What is polycrystalline?

Answer 26

Where the materials is composed of crystallographic grains join together by grain boundaries

Question 27

what is doping?

Answer 27

Introducing impurities into the semiconductor to alter its conductivity by either increasing (n-type) or decreasing (p-type) the number of charge carriers.

Question 28

What is Carrier Concentration?

Answer 28

The density of charge carriers (electrons or holes) present in the semiconductor material, which significantly influences its electrical behavior.

Question 29

What are the transportation Properties?

Answer 29

drift and diffusion

Question 30

What is drift?

Answer 30

Movement of charge carriers in response to an electric field.

Question 31

What is diffusion?

Answer 31

The tendency of charge carriers to move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

Question 32

What is Recombination and Generation?

Answer 32

Processes where charge carriers combine (recombination) or are created (generation), affecting the overall carrier density and hence, the device's performance.

Question 33

what are Optical Properties?

Answer 33

How the semiconductor material interacts with light, including absorption, reflection, and transmission, crucial for solar cells' efficiency.

Question 34

Carrier Concentration in Non-Equilibrium

Answer 34

The concentration of charge carriers when the semiconductor is not in thermal equilibrium, often occurring in operating conditions, impacting device behavior.

Question 35

What is solar resource?

Answer 35

Although the solar resource is variable, most of the variability is predictable based on time of day, time of year, and the angle that sunlight hits the PV module surface. In fact, the solar resource would be perfectly predictable based on clear-sky models if not for clouds, which are not as predictable. So, we typically rely upon a site’s historic climate data rather than the purely theoretical clear-sky model when assessing the expected performance of a PV system.

Question 36

What is age?

Answer 36

PV module efficiency unavoidably degrades at about 0.5% per year. Failure rates are also higher in later years as the equipment ages.

Question 37

What is the equation of performance ratio?

Answer 37

actual production/model production (%)

Question 38

What is performance ratio?

Answer 38

refers to the fraction of the expected power output when the plant is available.

Question 39

What is the equation for availability?

Answer 39

(1-downtime)/total time (%)

Question 40

What is availability?

Answer 40

refers to the percentage of time that the system is operational and capable of delivering power if the solar resource and the grid are both working.

Question 41

Why is proper orientation towards the sun important?

Answer 41

for maximum sunlight exposure.

Question 42

What is shading management?

Answer 42

● Minimize shading from nearby objects like trees, buildings, or structures to ensure consistent sunlight exposure on panels. ● Trim vegetation and remove obstructions that cast shadows on the modules.

Question 43

what is Cleaning and Maintenance:?

Answer 43

● Regular cleaning of panels to remove dirt, dust, and debris that can obstruct sunlight absorption. ● Inspection for damage or defects in panels, wiring, and mounting structures to ensure optimal performance.

Question 44

Inverter Efficiency:

Answer 44

● Selection of efficient inverters to convert DC electricity generated by the panels into AC electricity for use in homes or businesses. ● Monitoring inverter performance to identify any issues that may affect energy production.

Question 45

What is battery storage?

Answer 45

Installation of battery storage systems to store excess energy generated during peak sunlight hours for use during periods of low sunlight or high demand. ● Proper sizing and maintenance of batteries to maximize energy storage capacity and lifespan.

Question 46

What is Smart Grid Integration?

Answer 46

● Integration with smart grid technologies to enable bidirectional energy flow, allowing excess energy to be fed back into the grid or drawn from the grid as needed. ● Participation in demand response programs to balance energy supply and demand and optimize system efficiency..

Question 47

What is Energy Management Software?

Answer 47

● Utilization of energy management software to analyze data, forecast energy production, and optimize system operation for maximum efficiency. ● Implementation of predictive maintenance algorithms to identify potential issues before they impact performance and reliability.