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YR3: Skills > Fundoscopy > Flashcards

Flashcards in Fundoscopy Deck (23)
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1
Q

What are 3 side effects to using dilating eye drops?

A

Temporary blurred vision
Temporarily more sensitive to light
Temporarily unable to drive

2
Q

What do you assess the eyelids and lashes for?

A

Lids: lumps (benign or malignant), oedema, cellulitis + entropion/ectropion.
Lashes: loss of lashes (malignant lesions) or trichiasis (inturning of lashes).

3
Q

What should you assess the cornea for?

A

Abrasion: redness, pain, watering + photophobia. Defects stain brightly with fluorescein drops + a cobalt blue light.
Ulcer: pain, watering, photophobia + a staining epithelial defect with associated haziness (infiltrate: may appear fluffy + irregular)

4
Q

What is diffuse conjunctival injection? What is it caused by?

A

Redness: dilated inflamed blood vessels across most of the conjunctiva
Bacterial, viral + allergic conjunctivitis.

5
Q

What is Circumciliary injection? What is it caused by?

A

Dilated inflamed blood vessels affecting the conjunctiva in a circular pattern around the cornea suggesting intraocular inflammation.
Keratitis, acute angle-closure glaucoma + uveitis.

6
Q

What are watery and purulent discharge from the eye associated with?

A

Watery: allergic conjunctivitis, viral conjunctivitis or normal physiological production (e.g. reaction to a corneal abrasion/foreign body).
Purulent: bacterial conjunctivitis.

7
Q

What is Hyphema? What is it the result of?

A

inferior settled layer of blood in the anterior chamber Trauma.

8
Q

What is Hypopyon? What usually causes it?

A

inferior settled layer of ‘pus’ in the anterior chamber. Severe corneal ulcers or endophthalmitis
Can occur secondary to anterior uveitis.

9
Q

What is Periorbital erythema and swelling a feature of?

A
Preseptal cellulitis (anterior to the orbital septum)
Orbital cellulitis (posterior to the orbital septum).
10
Q

What do you assess the pupil for?

A

Size: varies + depends on lighting conditions
Shape: abnormal shapes can be congenital or due to pathology. Peaked pupils in the context of trauma: globe injury.
Asymmetry in size: anisocoria May or may not be pathological

11
Q

Which pupil is abnormal:
If a pupil is more pronounced in bright light?
If pupil is more pronounced in dark?

A

Light: Large pupil= abnormal e.g. Oculomotor nerve palsy
Dark: small pupil= abnormal e.g. Horner’s syndrome

12
Q

What do you assess the lids for?

A

Position: ptosis: Horner’s syndrome (subtle) + oculomotor nerve palsy (partial to complete ptosis).
Margins: crusting + inflamed in blepharitis.

13
Q

List 4 causes of painless red eye

A

Conjunctivitis
Subconjunctival haemorrhage
Episcleritis
Dry eye

14
Q

List 6 causes of painful red eye

A
Scleritis
Uveitis
Corneal abrasion
Corneal ulcer
Acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG)
Foreign bodies
15
Q

What does absence of the red reflex suggest in children and adults?

A

Adults: cataracts in lens blocking light, vitreous haemorrhage + retinal detachment.
Children: congenital cataracts, retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage + retinoblastoma.

16
Q

What may be seen in the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Fluorescein dye fluoresces yellow unde blue cobalt light filter if there is damage to corneal or conjunctival epithelium (e.g. an abrasion).
White opacities on the cornea suggest a corneal ulcer.

17
Q

Which 3 C’s are assessed when looking at the optic disc?

A

Contour: borders should be well defined
Colour: a healthy = orange-pink doughnut with a pale centre (well-perfused neuro-retinal tissue)
Cup: the pale centre of the orange-pink doughnut, due to absence of neuroretinal tissue. A cup-to-disc ratio of 0.3 is normal

18
Q

What do blurred borders of the optic disc suggest?

A

Optic disc swelling (papilloedema) secondary to raised intracranial pressure.

19
Q

What does a pale optic disc suggest?

A

Optic atrophy which can occur as a result of optic neuritis, advanced glaucoma + ischaemic vascular events.

20
Q

What does an increased cup to disc ratio suggest? When can this occur?

A

Reduced volume of healthy neuro-retinal tissue

Glaucoma.

21
Q

List 9 types of retinal pathology

A
Arteriolar narrowing
Arteriovenous nipping/nicking
Dot + blot haemorrhages
Flame haemorrhages
Cotton wool spots
Hard exudates 
Neovascularisation
Pan-retinal photocoagulation
Branch retinal vein occlusion
22
Q

Describe the appearance of the macula

A

Temporal to the optic nerve head
Yellow
Central part = “fovea” is darker than the rest of the macula

23
Q

List 3 types of macula pathology

A

Hard exudates
Drusen
Cherry-red spot