Fungal infections Flashcards
Hyphae vs pseudohyphae
Hyphae happens with filamentous fungus and pseudohyphae with many yeasts
Tinea nigra
Tinea nigra is a rare, chronic, asymptomatic, and superficial keratophytosis caused by the dematiaceous fungus Hortae werneckii. This condition in the differential diagnosis of melanoma. The disease occurs more frequently in children and preferably affects the stratum corneum of palms and soles
White piedra
White piedra (tinea nodosa / trichosporonosis nodosa / trichomycosis nodularis) is an asymptomatic, superficial fungal infection caused by Trichosporon species. Nodules in white piedra, as the name indicates, are white or beige in colour and relatively softer than those of black piedra, which are black and stone hard. Hair fragility is increased in black piedra, but is not a common feature of white piedra. Nits are easily differentiated from nodules of white piedra as they are always attached at an angle to the hair shaft, do not encase the hair shaft, and are closer to the scalp than nodules of white piedr
Black piedra
Piedra is a superficial fungal infection of hair shafts, which presents with small nodules stuck-on to the shaft. Black piedra, caused by Piedraia hortae, is characterized by black-colored nodules and is common in the tropics, especially in individuals with long hair and poor scalp hygiene.
Tinea fascii
Tinea faciei is a relatively uncommon superficial dermatophyte infection limited to the glabrous skin of the face. It is usually seen in pediatric patients. This fungus can be found worldwide, but has a predilection for tropical humid climates.
Tinea barbae
Tinea barbae is a rare dermatophyte infection affecting the skin, hair, and hair follicles of the beard and mustache. Gruby named the fungus “mentagrophyte,” which means “plant of the chin.” Tinea barbae is also known as tinea sycosis, as one of the clinical manifestations is inflammation of the hair follicles. Tinea barbae in the past was commonly attributed to being transmitted by unsanitary razors used by the barbers. Hence, it was commonly referred to as barber’s itch and beard ringworm.
Tinea capitis
Tinea capitis is a common infection of the scalp hair caused by dermatophyte fungi and occurring predominantly in children. Its clinical manifestations range from mild scaling with little hair loss to large inflammatory and pustular plaques with extensive alopecia.
Favus
Favus or tinea favosa is a severe and chronic inflammatory dermatophyte infection, due in most cases to Trichophyton schoenleinii. Historically, the term ‘favus’ had been used, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, to characterize the honey-like exudate in some scalp infections
Kerion
Kerion is an inflammatory type of tinea capitis. Basically a fungal abscess
Tinea cruris
Tinea cruris, also known as jock itch, is an infection involving the genital, pubic, perineal, and perianal skin caused by pathogenic fungi known as dermatophytes.
Unlike tinea cruris, candidal intertrigo frequently affects women, and the rash may involve the scrotum and penis in males. Satellite lesions and erythema without central clearing are indicative of candida as opposed to tinea.
Tinea cruris
Tinea cruris, also known as jock itch, is an infection involving the genital, pubic, perineal, and perianal skin caused by pathogenic fungi known as dermatophytes.
Unlike tinea cruris, candidal intertrigo frequently affects women, and the rash may involve the scrotum and penis in males. Satellite lesions and erythema without central clearing are indicative of candida as opposed to tinea.
Tinea pedis mocassin
Tinea pedis vesicular
Tinea pedis interdigital
Tinea manus
Sometimes shows like ringworm some other times like palmar dermatitis
Tinea manus
Sometimes shows like ringworm some other times like palmar dermatitis
Perleche
Candida is the most common cause of angular cheilitis (AC). AC can be caused by recurrent chemical or mechanical injury, atopic dermatitis or manifestation of systemic diseases such as Sjogren and IBD
Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica (EIB) is a Candida infection affecting the third web space, between the third and fourth fingers.
Chromoblastomycosis
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM), also known as chromomycosis, is mainly a tropical or subtropical disease e associated :
(i) traumatic inoculation by implantation from an environmental source
(ii) chronic and progressive cutaneous and subcutaneous tissular involvement associated with fibrotic and granulomatous reactions associated with microabscesses
(iii) a nonprotective T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response with ineffective humoral involvement
If not recognized at an early stage, this disease can be refractory to antifungal therapy.
Urine in porphyria cutanea tarda
UV light makes urine pink or red
Bowenoid papulosis
Bowenoid papulosis (BP) is an uncommon sexually transmitted disease. T\BP is induced virally by human papillomavirus (HPV) and presents as solitary or multiple skin-colored papules in the anogenital area. Histologically it has a close resemblance to squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease). Treatment is generally conservative. BP lesions are generally considered benign with a spontaneous regress, although a small number may transform into invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Bushke-Lowenstein tumor
GIant condyloma acuminata
Tichodysplasia spinulosa
Trichodysplasia spinulosa is a rare dermatologic condition characterized by painless erythematous papules on the face with folliculocentric keratin spines. This condition is unique to patients with trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) in the setting of immunosuppression.
Merkel cell carcinoma
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive form of skin cancer that metastasizes to other parts of the body. This cutaneous neuroendocrine tumour mainly affects older people, with most cases generally occurring over the age of 50 years. Merkel cell polyomavirus has been shown to induce gene mutations resulting in this skin cancer. MCC is clinically seen as a rapidly enlarging, isolated, irregular erythematous nodule typically found on sun-exposed sites. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment for localized disease although adjuvant radiotherapy is often required. Metastatic disease involves a very poor prognosis, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently shown promise in the treatment of metastatic disease.
HTLV-1 infective dermatitis
HTLV-1-associated infective dermatitis (HAID) is the main paediatric manifestation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is characterised by a chronic exudative eczematous eruption and persistent infection with Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (BHS) Classically, there is a chronic exudative eczematous eruption with crusting involving the scalp, paranasal regions, eyelid margins, ears, retroauricular areas, neck, axillae and groin
HTLV-1 infective dermatitis
HTLV-1-associated infective dermatitis (HAID) is the main paediatric manifestation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is characterised by a chronic exudative eczematous eruption and persistent infection with Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (BHS) Classically, there is a chronic exudative eczematous eruption with crusting involving the scalp, paranasal regions, eyelid margins, ears, retroauricular areas, neck, axillae and groin
HTLV-1 related adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a distinctive peripheral T- lymphocytic malignancy associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It may closely resemble other skin lymphomas, particularly mycosis fungoides. Pathology shows typical flower cells
