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Hematology > Fungal infections > Flashcards

Fungal infections Flashcards

1
Q

4 key fungal cell structures

A
  1. Ergosterol (most inner)
  2. Chitin
  3. B-glucans
  4. Mannose-containing proteins (most outter)
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2
Q

4 types of antifungal agents

A
  1. Flucytosine
  2. Amphotericin B, nystatin
  3. Azoles
  4. Echinocandins
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3
Q

Target of flucytosine?

A

Targets nucleic acid synthesis

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4
Q

Target of polyenes/amphotericin b, nystatin?

A

Targets ergosterol and forms pores in the membrane, but can also bind cholesterol in mammalian cells.

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5
Q

Target of azoles?

A

Inhibits formation of ergosterol? from lanosterol to ergosterol. Examples: Fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole

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6
Q

Target of echinocandins

A

Targets B-glucan synthase. Examples: caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin

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7
Q

Fungal pathogens induce production of IL-__ production by phagocytes and leads to production of __.

A

IL-12; interferon gamma

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8
Q

Oportunistic fungi?

A
  1. Candida albicans
  2. Crpytococus neoformans
  3. Aspergillus/fusarium (septate hyphae)
  4. Mucor & Rhizopus (aseptate hyphae)
  5. Pneumocystis jirovecii
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9
Q

Risk factors for invasive fungal infections?

A
  1. Neutropenia
  2. HIV/AIDS
  3. T-cell deficiencies
  4. Transplantation
  5. Immunosuppression
  6. Antibacterial therapy
  7. Uncontrolled DM
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10
Q

Risk factors for cadidiasis?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Acute renal failure
  3. Total parenteral nutrition
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11
Q

Risk factors for cryptococcosis?

A
  1. C. neoformans exposure (bird droppings like pigeons)

2. G. gatii exposure to plant debris

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12
Q

Risk factors for aspergillosis and mucromycosis

A
  1. Hematologic malignancy

2. Cytotoxic chemotherapy

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13
Q

Risk factors for pneumocystis

A
  1. CD4<350
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14
Q

Types of endemic fungi?

A
  1. Histoplasma: Around ohio river valley with yeast cells in a macrophage. Can be found from bats
  2. Blastomyces: Overlaps geographic region with histoplasma, but reaching into the north/northwest area. Has
  3. Coccidiodes: Around southwest area. Forms spherules in the lung tissue
  4. Paracoccidioides: Around south america. Has budding structures of yeast around infected cells
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15
Q

How to diagnose for histoplasma?

A
  1. Antigen detection (eith enzyme immunoassay with urine or serum. Sensitivity is higher in urine that serum
  2. Microscopy
  3. Antibody tests
  4. Culture
  5. PCR
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16
Q

How to diagnose blastomyces?

A
  1. Microscopy: Detect budding yeast in tissue or resp secretions
  2. Culture: May take up to 6 wks to become positive
  3. Antigen detection: EIA with urine, serum, or BAL, may cross react with histo and other fungi

Hematology (6 decks)

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