FUNGI

Question 1

Morphological characteristics of fungi?

Answer 1

Body form
Unicellular
Filamentous strands called hyphae
Sclerotium (hardened mass of mycelium) overwintering structures
Multicellular life forms: Rhizomorphs, fruiting bodies, Mushrooms

Question 2

Physiological structures of fungi?

Answer 2

Heterotroph

Question 3

Saprophytes or saprobes

Answer 3

Feed on dead tissue, or organic waste (decomposers)

Question 4

Symbionts

Answer 4

Mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism (mychorriza)

Question 5

Parasites

Answer 5

Feed on living tissue of a plant or animal host

Question 6

Pathogens

Answer 6

If the feed of a parasite causes disease on a host organism

Question 7

Heterotrophic absorption

Answer 7

Fungi obtain carbon source from environmental organic materials, hyphae releases enzymes that break down the substrate (cellulose, lignin, proteins, lipids).
The digestion products (disaccharides, monosaccharides, amino acids, oligopeptides, small lipid molecules) are taken up back by fungal cells.
Store food materials as glycogen.

Question 8

Fungal hyphae are

Answer 8

Tubular
Tubular structures are interconnected via septums
Chitin cell wall
Multinucleate
Grows through hyphal tip

Question 9

Fungal cell wall contains

Answer 9

Chitin parallel to plasma membrane, confers strength and cell shape
B-1,3 glucans extend throughout cell wall

Question 10

Fungal cell wall outer layer

Answer 10

Modified with N- and O- linked oligosaccharides that are covalently associated with proteins from glycoproteins.
Many of outer layer glycoproteins have glycosylphosphatidylinositol GPI anchors tethering them to plasma membrane or to inner wall through more flexible B-1,6 glucans.

Question 11

Types of reproduction in fungi

Answer 11

Asexual and sexual sporulation

Question 12

Asexual sporulation

Answer 12

(mitotic origin) mycelial fragmentations or production of asexual sporulation clonal population adapted to a specific environment

Question 13

Advantages of asexual sporulation

Answer 13

Quicker dispersal and less energy consuming

Question 14

Sexual sporulation

Answer 14

(meiotic origin) energetically more costly, major fungal groups classified based on sexual fruiting bodies (for example Asci or Basidia)

Question 15

Advantage of sexual sporulation

Answer 15

Results in greater genetic diversity

Question 16

Sexual reproduction in fungi

Answer 16

1.Fusion of 2 hyphae with different mating types
2.Exchange of nuclei
3.Dikaryotic phase
4.Fusion of 2 nuclei
5.Diploid zygote
6.Meiosis or Mitosis
7.Production of sexually formed spores

Question 17

Life cycle of an asexual fungus

Answer 17

Spores
Germination
Mycelium
Spore producing structures

Question 18

Life cycle of a sexual fungus

Answer 18

Spores
Mycelium
Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)
Dikaryotic stage
Karyogamy (Fusion of nuceli0
Diploid stage
Meiosis
Spore producing structures

Question 19

How many fungal phyla are there ?

Answer 19

five

Question 20

How are the fungal phyla distinguished?

Answer 20

By their reproductive features

Question 21

Name the 5 fungal phylum

Answer 21

Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
Zygomycota (Zygote fungi)
Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Question 22

Distinguishing feature of chytrids

Answer 22

Flagellated spores

Question 23

Distinguishing feature of zygote fungi

Answer 23

Resistant zygosporangium at sexual stage

Question 24

Distinguishing feature of glomeromycota

Answer 24

form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants

Question 25

Distinguishing feature of ascomycota

Answer 25

sexual spores (ascospores) borne internally in sacs called asci; ascomycetes also produce vast numbers of asexual spores (conidia)

Question 26

Distinguishing feature of Basidiomycota

Answer 26

Elaborate fruiting body (basidiocarp) containing many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospores)