Fungi

Question 1

Cell wall
Exception
Stared food

Answer 1

Chitin (fungal celhlose) and polysaccharide
Bell wall of members of class - oomycetes mainly made up of cellulose
Glycogen and oil

Question 2

Reproduction in nonmycelial forms
Asexual reproduction ( in general fungi )
Formed by

Answer 2

Bud. Formation and fission
Conidia / sporangiospore
Mitotic division

Question 3

Sporangiospore
Formed in
formed at
Called
Origin

Answer 3

Sporangia
Tip of fungal filament
Called as sporangiophore.
Endogeneously

Question 4

Sporangiosperes types
Zoospore
Aplanospore

Answer 4

Sporangiospares formed in sporangia are flagellated and motile
are non flagellated and non mobile

Question 5

Conidia
Origin
Fungal filament
Each comedian forms by

Answer 5

Exogenously
Formed at fungal filament called conidiophore
New fungal filament [ mycelium] by germination

Question 6

Plasmogamy
Fusion
Result in ( phycomycetes ).
Other fungi [ ascomycetes and Basidiomycete’s]

Answer 6

Of protoplasm of two motile or non motile gametes
The fusion of two haploid cells immediately result in diploid cells
An intervening dikaryotic stage ( two nucelus) occur

Question 7

Karyogamy
Meiosis

Answer 7

Parental nuclei fuse with each other to form a diploid nucleus known as synkoryon
Resulting in parental nuclei fuse with each other

Question 8

Phycomycete’s also called as
Habitat
Parasite
Mycelia
Asexual. Reproduction

Answer 8

Lower fungi / algal fungi
Aquatic habitat / on decrying wood in moist/ damp place
Obligate parasite on plants
Fungal filament are coenocytic , aseptate, branched
By zoospore , aplanosphore , condo

Question 9

Algal fungi
Sexual reproduction
Further classified into
Basis

Answer 9

May be isogamous, anisogamous,oogamous
Oomycetes , zygomycetes
Of sexual reproduction

Question 10

Oomycetes
Asexual
Sexual
Eg

.

Answer 10

By sparangiospare [ zoospore ]& conidia
By gametangial contract, oogamous
Phytophthora infestans late blight disease of potato
Albugo causes= White rust / while spots disease in mustard [ bassicaceae / cruciferaes ]
Pythium species = Dumping rotting vegetables

Question 11

Zygomycetes
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Bread mould

Answer 11

By sperangiospors [ aplanospores)
By comezangial copulation, Isogamous
Rhizopus
Mucor

Question 12

Ascomycetes known as
Habitat
Multicellular / unicellular
Mycelium

Answer 12

Sac fungi
Suprophytic decomposers parasitic or coprophilous [ growing on dung ]
Mostly multiceller but rarely unicellular e.g yeast
Unifucleate, branched, septet pores +nt

Question 13

’ Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Ascus
Ascospores
Minimum ascosphore But generally

Answer 13

By conidia
By somatogamy
Ascogenous hypha develops into a sac like structure
4 haploid sports are formed
4,8

Question 14

Fruiting body
Why ascomycetes ( origin )
Beadle and Tatum

Answer 14

Ascocarp - mycelium grows around ascus end forms A covering of
Sexual spares are called ascospare which are produced endogenously in sac-like asci
‘proposed “one gene- one enzyme theory” in genetics by experimenting on neurospora
They were awarded Nobel prize

Question 15

Ascomycete’s example
First 3

Answer 15

Penicillium = first discovered antibiotic
Aspergillus niger = weed of laboratory , produce citric acid
Claviceps purpurea = ergot disease of bajra and rye
Narcotic drug LSD

Question 16

Ascomycete’s eg 2

Answer 16

Neurospora= “ drosophila of plant kingdom’. Used for study of genetics / biochemical studies in plant kingdom
Morchella , Truffles = edible and considered as delicacies

Question 17

Yeast
Mycelia
Used as

Answer 17

Unicellular fungi
Absent
Fermentation agent in bakery [bread industry) and brewery

Question 18

Basidiomycete’s called as
Grow in
Parasitic
Mycelia
Septa

Answer 18

Club fungi
Soil, on logs [ thick wooden pieces], tree stumps
In living plant bodies eg rusts, smuts
Branched, septet, ( uni or binucleate)
Dolipare septa

Question 19

Basidomycetes
Clamp connection used
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Commonly known form

Answer 19

To change monokaryotic mycelium to dikaryotic mycelium
Absent
By fragmentation is common
By somatogamy
Mushroom, bracket fungi / puff ball

Question 20

Basidiomycete’s
Sex organ
Plasmogamy
Basidium
Karyogamy and meiosis ( origin , no )
Basidiocarp

Answer 20

Are absent
Is brought about by fusion of two vegetative / somatic cell of different strains/ genotype
Dikaryon is ultimately gives rise to basidium which is club shaped
Takes place in basidium producing four basidiospores exogenously
The basidia are arranged in fruiting body called basidiocarp

Question 21

Basidomyaetes eg

Answer 21

Puccinia = causes rust disease in wheat/ [rust fungi ]
Ustilago = causes loose smut of wheat [ smut fungi ] spreads by infected flowers & seeds
Mushroom
Umbrella like fungi often seen growing in grounds during rainy season
: Agarious bisporus = most delicious mushroom
: Amanita muscaria = world’s most poisonous mushroom [ toad -stool ]

Question 22

Basidomycetes eg 2

Answer 22

Bracket fungi= fruiting body similar to bracket
Puff ball fungi = fruiting body puff like

Question 23

Deuteromycetes also known as
Habitat
Trichoderma
Mycelium
Asexual reproduction

Answer 23

Fungi imperfecti
Saprophytic , parasitic , while a large no are de composers of litter
Help in mineral cycling e.g Trichoderma
Septum and branched
Takes place with help of conidia

Question 24

Deuteromycetes
Why imperfect fungi
Eg

Answer 24

Because only a sexual / vegetative phase found [ sexual absent)
Alternaria solani = early blight of potato
Colletotrichum falcatum = red rot of sugarcane
Trichoderma = help in mineral cycling

Question 25

Fungi classification basis

Answer 25

Morphology of mycelium Mode of spore formation And fruiting bodies formed during sexual reproduction

Question 26

Virus meaning Given by Can pass through Reported by That ( size ) Plant disease

Answer 26

Poisonous fluid I venom / secretion Pasteur Bacteria proof filters D. J . Ivanowsky Viruses are smaller than bacteria Mosaic disease of Tabacco

Question 27

Virus called as Demonstrated by W. M Stanley showed ( year) Place in classification

Answer 27

Contagium vivum fluidum ( infectious living fluid) Beijerineck Virus could be crystallized and crystals consist largely of protein [ 1935 ] Is not there since they are not considered truly living ( cell structure )

Question 28

Virus are______ and _______ organisms Parasite Have either Outside host cell Once they infect a cell Contain

Answer 28

Submicroscopic, non cellular Obligate intracellular parasite RNA or DNA They are inert out side their specific host cell in crystalline form They take over the machinery of host cell to replicate themselves Nuclei acid + protein coat

Question 29

Virus Spherical Rod shaped Tadpole like

Answer 29

Influenza virus TMV Bacteriophage

Question 30

Nucleic acid Virus that infect plant have Exception Virus that infect animals But some times

Answer 30

Either RNA / DNA Have ssRNA Cauliflower mosaic virus = ds DNA Gemini virus =ss DNA Ds DNA Ss or dsRNA also present

Question 31

Protein coat known as Small subunits Fn Nucleoprotein Helical symmetry Icosahedral

Answer 31

Capsid ↑ made up of small subunits called capsomere Protecting the nuclei's acid Central core+ capsid TMV Polyhedral = bacteriophage

Question 32

TMV Discovered by (year Symmetry Having (nucleic acid) No of capsomere %

Answer 32

Tobacco mosaic virus D. Ivanowsky 1892 Helical Ss RNA 2130 RNA = 5% Protein = 95%

Question 33

Bacteriophage Have ( nuclei acid) Transduction Plant disease caused by virus

Answer 33

Virus which infect bacteria Ds DNA Transfer of genetic material form one bacterium to another by bacteriophage Tobacco mosaic disease Leaf curl of papaya

Question 34

Virus Plant symptoms

Answer 34

Mosaic formation Leat rolling and curling Yellowing and vein clearing Dwarfing ( height stop ) Stunted growth

Question 35

Human disease caused by virus

Answer 35

Influenza Mumps Small pox , chiken pox Herpes disease Aids Flu Corona

Question 36

Viroids Discovered by year Size Contain Not Cause

Answer 36

Free infectious RNA T.O . Diener 1971 Smaller than viruses Very low molecular weight RNA (ss RNA) Protein coat Potato spindle tuber disease

Question 37

Prions or Consist of Similar in Causes ( in cattle) In human

Answer 37

Slow viruses [ smallest proteinaceas infections agent) Abnormally folded protein Size to viruses Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE) common name = mad cow disease Cr-Jacob disease [ CJ.D.]

Question 38

Lichens have Major part of lichen

Answer 38

Algae ( phycobiont ) Fungi mycobiont Thallus is composed of fungal component

Question 39

Lichen phycobiont fn Mycobiont Lichens are _____ Indicator Are very sensitive So During process of succession on rocks

Answer 39

Prepare food for algae and fungi (algae) Provide shelter and absorbs minerals nutrients and water for its partner (fungus) Are very good pollution indicators they do not grow in polluted area To SO2 and die at higher level of SO2 . So are biological indicators of air pollution Lichens are pioneer species

Question 40

Mycorrhiza Association b/w Fn

Answer 40

Roots of higher plants and fungus Root = food and shelter from root Fungi helps to root in absorption of water and minerals

Question 41

Fungi Unique Great diversity Seen on

Answer 41

Kingdom of heterotrophic organisms In their morphology and habitat On moist bread, butter, leather, wood, pickle rotten fruits Or parasites on plant [ white spot on mustard leaves ] and animals

Question 42

Fungi are( occur) Prefer to grow Fungi do not have

Answer 42

Cosmopolitan and occur in air, water , soil and on animal and plant Perfor to grow in worm and humid place Chlorophyll and chloroplasts

Question 43

Most of fungi are Saprophytic Type Î Parasitic Obtain nutrition with help of

Answer 43

Heterotrophs Obtain food from dead substrate or organic matter Nutrition is of absorptive type Obtain food from living organism such as plants, animals, human beings Haustoria