Fungi

Question 1

How are fungi saprophytic

Answer 1

They feed on dead or decomposing matter

Question 2

How do fungi perform absorptive nutrition

Answer 2

Secrete digestive enzymes to breakdown complex molecules into simple molecules they can absorb

Question 3

Give an example of a mutualist fungi

Answer 3

Lichen - Algal and fungal cells

Question 4

What is another word for the mycelium mass

Answer 4

Thallus

Question 5

What is in the cell wall of fungi

Answer 5

Chitin

Question 6

How are fungi isogamous

Answer 6

No formal male and female genders - use mating types

Question 7

What is the word describing which mating types can have sex with other mating types

Answer 7

Homothallic and Heterothallic

Question 8

What is a spore - chromosomes?

Answer 8

A single celled biological entity that allows fungi to reproduce
Haploid

Question 9

What are the 4 forms of asexual reproduction

Answer 9

Spore, fission, budding and fragmentation of hyphae

Question 10

What is formed during the first stage of sexual reproduction - cytoplasmic fusion - n?

Answer 10

Dikaryon - cell with 2 haploid nuclei - n+n

Question 11

What is the name given to step 2 - nuclear fusion - n?

Answer 11

Karyogamy - 2n

Question 12

Where are the spores produced during the 3rd stage and how amy are there - meiosis - n?

Answer 12

Fruiting body - 4 - n

Question 13

What is the last stage of sexual reproduction - n?

Answer 13

Germination or sporulation - n

Question 14

If a spore is produced under adverse conditions - what can you say about that spore

Answer 14

It will be resistant to those particular conditions

Question 15

Spore name for each of the 5 main phyla (GBAZC)

Answer 15

Glomeromycota - blastospore
Basidiomycota - basidiospore
Ascomycota - ascospore or condiospore (asexual)
Zygomycota - zygospore
Chytrids - zoospores

Question 16

2 defining characteristics of glomermycota

Answer 16

Only reproduce asexually
Endomycorrhizal

Question 17

1 defining characteristic of basidiomycota

Answer 17

Spores are external

Question 18

Name of the fruiting body and place in which ascospores are kept in Ascomycota

Answer 18

Ascocarp - asci

Question 19

What is unique about the spores of zygomycota

Answer 19

They are diploid

Question 20

What is unique about the spores of chytrids

Answer 20

They are flagellated

Question 21

2 defining characteristics of microsporidia

Answer 21

They are intracellular parasites and unicellular

Question 22

When will Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergo sexual reproduction

Answer 22

When conditions are sub-optimal

Question 23

What form is preferred by S. cerevisiae - how does it achieve this

Answer 23

Diploid
When mating types a and alpha are close enough they mate

Question 24

What does the lone spore hypothesis state and why is it necessary

Answer 24

That a spore has the ability to switch mating type
Not all 4 haploid spores in the asci will survive so having this ability maximises success to find a mate

Question 25

How are mating types attracted to one another

Answer 25

They produce pheromones called factors which are picked up by receptors on each mating types surface

Question 26

What is the structure called that is made before complete fusion

Answer 26

Schmoo

Question 27

Once the mating types have fused completely how is the diploid daughter cell formed

Answer 27

Budding

Question 28

What happens when unfavourable conditions are present for S. cerevisiae

Answer 28

The diploid alpha and a cells undergo meiosis forming 4 stress-tolerant haploid ascospores in an ascus

Question 29

When are ascospores released and what do they do

Answer 29

When conditions are favourable - germinate and reproduce asexually

Question 30

What are the mating types called in ascomycota - when they fuse what do they form? - n?

Answer 30

Antheridium and ascogonium - n+n

Question 31

What is formed from the continuous growth of the dikaryon in ascomycota - n?

Answer 31

Ascocarp - n+n

Question 32

What forms at the tips of the hyphae in the ascocarp

Answer 32

Asci

Question 33

What occurs in the asci (3) - n?

Answer 33

Karyogamy - 2n Meiosis - n Mitosis - n

Question 34

Fungi Filter Hypothesis

Answer 34

Success of endothermic animals is a direct consequence of their ability to withstand fungal infections

Question 35

Name given to fungal pathogens in the human microbiome or in specific environmental niches

Answer 35

Commensals and environmentals

Question 36

What is dimorphism in fungi

Answer 36

Fungus can exist in either yeast or filamentous form

Question 37

Where does superficial, cutaneous and sub-cutaneous mycoses occur

Answer 37

s - epidermis c - epidermis and dermis sc - deepest layer of the skin

Question 38

Where is the infection in systematic fungi

Answer 38

Visceral tissue

Question 39

What is an opportunistic fungi

Answer 39

One that is harmless normally but becomes infectious when the host is compromised

Question 40

What do biofilms promote and provide

Answer 40

Y-M transitions protective layer for anti-fungal resistance

Question 41

What is the problem with Candidia in hospitals

Answer 41

Form a biofilm on catheters allowing transmission of fungal disease through catheters

Question 42

What anti-fungals stop fungi from dividing and which ones kill fungi

Answer 42

Fungistatic and fungicidal

Question 43

3 forms of antifungal treatment

Answer 43

- Target lipid in fungal membrane - ergosterol - Target sugar in fungal membrane - Target non-yeast specific cells

Question 44

What does Claviceps purpurea cause - what type of fungus is it if it feeds off of a living organism

Answer 44

Ergot in Rye - biotrophic fungus

Question 45

What functions like a peroxisome in microsporidia

Answer 45

Posterior vacuole

Question 46

What are the polar filament and the anchoring disk necessary for

Answer 46

Host invasion

Question 47

Microsporidia - When the spore is ingested by the host and the spore germinates, what does it release into the host cell and what structure aids this

Answer 47

Sporoplasm Polar filament

Question 48

What do the sporoplasm become in the host cell

Answer 48

Meronts

Question 49

Meronts undergo cell division and form sporoblasts - what is the cell division called

Answer 49

Sporogony