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Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

General description fungi

A

Aerobic, eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

Unicellular growth form of fungi

A

Yeast

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3
Q

Threadlike branching, cylindrical tubules composed of fungal cells attached end to end

A

Hyphae

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4
Q

Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwined, branching hyphae

A

Mold

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5
Q

Reproduction bodies of molds

A

Spores

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6
Q

Fungi that can grow either as yeast or mold, depending on environmental conditions and temperature

A

Dimorphic fungi

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7
Q

What do dimorphic fungi typically grow as at body temperature?

A

Yeast

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8
Q

Fungi that live in and utilize organic matter as an energy source

A

Saprophyte

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9
Q

Describe fungal morphology

A

Bilayer cell membrane with sterols
Cell wall
Capsule (avoid Phagocytosis)

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10
Q

Sterol in fungi that infect humans

A

Ergosterol

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11
Q

Stain for cryptococcus neoformans

A

India ink, shows capsule

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12
Q

Fungal infections of skin, hair, and nail

A

Dermatophytosis

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13
Q

What is the genius is the genius for common fungal hair/ skin/ nail infections

A

Tinea

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14
Q

Fungal infection that causes thrush, diaper rash, and vaginitis

A

Candida albicans

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15
Q

What disease does sporthix schenkii cause?

A

Sporotrichosis

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16
Q

Transmission of Sporotrichosis

A

Fungus enters skin from puncture of a thorn (fungus grows on plants)

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17
Q

Fungal disease from fungus that grows on rotting wood

A

Chroniblastomycosis

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18
Q

Regionally important fungi that cause systemic disease

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis

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19
Q

Morphology of blasto, histo, and coccidioides

A

Dimorphic
Yeast at body temp on blood sugar
Mycelial with spores under 25C

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20
Q

Geography of histoplasma

A

Mississippi river basin

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21
Q

Geography of blastomycosis

A

Mississippi river basin

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22
Q

Geography coccidioides

A

Southwest and northern Meixco

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23
Q

Most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients that reside in AZ

A

Coccidioides

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24
Q

Transmission of histo, blasto, and coccidioides

A

Inhaled spore

Histo- bird and bat droppings
Blasto- soil and rotten wood
Coccidioides - soil

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25
Clinical manifestations of histo, blasto, and coccidioides
1) asymptomatic (most) 2) pneumonia 3) disseminated (rare, immunocompromised)
26
Best method to dx histo, blasto, coccidioides? What method is not very useful?
Tissue biopsy Skin PPD not useful since most people exposed and asymptomatic
27
Like TB, what can the pneumo look like in histo, blasto, and coccidioides?
Lung calcifications, granulomas, and cavitations
28
Morphology of cryptococcus
Encapsulated yeast
29
Two species of cryptococcus that cause disease
Neoformans and gattii
30
Transmission of cryptococcus neoformans
Inhalation, usually from pigeon dropings
31
Cryptococcus clinical in severely immunocompromised hosts
-meningitis, which leads to death without treatment
32
Clinical signs candida in immunocompromised hosts
1) esophagitis (spread of thrush) 2) disseminated- any organ
33
Dx disseminated candidas
Candida detected in blood
34
3 clinical manifestations of aspergillus
1) allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) 2) aspergilloma 3) invasive aspergillosis
35
Form of aspergillosis when spores inhaled and there is an IgE hypersensitivity reaction with an increase in eosinophils (similar to asthma)
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
36
Describe aspergilloma
In TB patients, balls of fungal aspergillus form in lung cavities
37
Who is impacted by invasive aspergillosis?
End-stage AIDS, high dose steroids for graft
38
What fungi produces the mycotoxin aflatoxin
Aspergillus
39
Toxins that cause liver damage
Mycotoxins
40
Reservoir for aspergillus
Air
41
Opportunistic fungal infection that aggressively invades sinuses, cranial bones, and blood vessels and requires aggressive treatment
Mucormycosis
42
Who is at risk for mucormycosis?
Diabetics Immunocompromised Burn victims Persons taking iron chelator deferoxamind
43
Where is mucormycosis found?
Everywhere in the environment
44
Bacteria that grow like fungi in soil and water
Acinomycetes and norcardia
45
Basic description of actinomycete
Gram positive rod Anaerobic Filamentous Part of normal mouth and GI flora
46
Clinical manifestation acinomycete
- causes abscesses in GI tract or mouth when there is trauma to the mucous mebrane
47
Key differences between norcardia and actinomyces
- norcardia- acid fast - actinomyces- sulfur granules
48
Basic description norcardia
Weakly gram positive Partially acid fast Gram positive rod Branching filaments
49
Clinical manifestations of norcardia
Looks like TB Inhaled Cavitations of lung Erosion pleural space
50
Who is at risk for norcardia
- immunocompromised, esp those taking steroids
51
Is norcardia part of the normal GI flora?
No, never
52
What do antifungal drugs target?
Ergosterol in fungal cells wall
53
What are the types of antifungals
1) amphotericin b 2) flucytosine (anti metabolic) 3) azoles 4) glycan synthesis inhibitors (aka echinocandins 5) allylamines (topical)
54
First line antifungal for serious systemic infections, works against most fungus. iV, Many side effects.
Amphotericin B
55
Common side effects of amphotericin B
Renal toxicity Acute febrile reaction Anemia Inflammation of vein
56
How to reduce nephrotoxicity from amphotericin B
Add lipids
57
Anti-fungals used in conjunction with amphotericin B (due to resistance). Used solely for cryptococcus meningitis
Flucytosine
58
Common side effect of anti- metabolite drugs (flucytosine, methotrexate, sulfa-drugs, 5- fluorouracil, etc.)
- Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia resulting from bone marrow depression - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
59
Hat are the two families of azole antifungals?
-imidazoles - triazoles
60
Drugs that are active against broad spectrum fungi by inhibiting cytochrome P-450
Azoles
61
Difference between imidazoles and triazoles
Triazoles tolerated orally and used for systemic fungal infections Imidazoles mainly topical or suppository for local fungal infection, otherwise toxic
62
Toxicity keta onazole
1) gi 2) hepatotoxicity 3) inhibits testosterone synthesis 4) adrenal suppression
63
Primary antifungal used for susceptible candida infections (superficial and disseminated)
Fluconazole (one of the triazoles)
64
Antifungal used to trade chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, sporotrichosis, and indolent aspergillus
Itraconazole
65
Main antifungal against invasive aspergillus and fluconazole resistant candida spp. Board spectrum, not as toxic as amphotericin B
Voriconazole
66
Newest azoles that are used for bad cases of aspergillus and mucormycosis which are otherwise hard to treat
Posaconazole and isavuconazole
67
iV antifungals that treat species of candida and invasive aspergillosis that fails conventional therapy
Echinicandins
68
Used for oral, esophageal, and gastric candidas (formula oral, swish and spit out or topical for vaginal candida) . Too toxic for IV)
Nystatin
69
Static antifungal that inhibits fungal growth in skin, hair, and nails
Griseofulvin
70
Treatment for sporotrichosis
Potassium iodide

Clinical Micro (12 decks)

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