Fungi

Question 1

Define Fungus

Answer 1

Eukaryotic organisms that are spore-bearing
have absorptive nutrition
lack chlorophyll
reproduces sexually/asexually

Question 2

Define Mycology

Answer 2

Discipline devoted to fungi

Question 3

Define Mycoses

Answer 3

Diseases caused by fungi in animals and humans

Question 4

Primarily found

Answer 4

Moist dark environments

Question 5

Cell Wall Structure

Answer 5

Mannoproteins
B-glucan
Chitin
Cell membrane

Question 6

Structure/Morphology

Answer 6

Yeasts - Microscopic(Single)
Mould - Macroscopic(Multi)
Vegetative Body - Thallus

Question 7

Fungal Growth

Answer 7

Hyphae
Aseptate
Septate

Question 8

Hyphae

Answer 8

Grows by hyphal extension only at extreme tips (apical growth)
Hyphae also forms branches this forms a mycelium (mycelial mat)
spreads radically
Thread like structures

Question 9

Aseptate

Answer 9

aka coenocytic
many nuclei per cell

Question 10

Septate

Answer 10

Cross walls called septa/septum
has either single/multiple pores

Question 11

Zones of hyphal growth

Answer 11

1. Apical growth
2. Absorption Zone
3. Storage Zone
4. Senescence Zone

Question 12

Apical Zone

Answer 12

tip of hypha where growth primarily occurs. Involves extension of the hypha at extreme tip.

Question 13

Absorption Zone

Answer 13

Absorption of nutrients, as hyphae extend and come in contact with substrate - region specialised for uptake of essential nutrients.

Question 14

Storage Zone

Answer 14

Stores excess nutrients that are not immediately needed.

Question 15

Senescene Zone

Answer 15

Region of aging and degeneration

Question 16

Nutrition/growth

Answer 16

• Grows best in dark, moist environments
• Most are saprophytes
• Release hydrolytic enzymes that digest external substrates
• Absorption of soluble products (OSMOTROPHY)
  -Usually aerobic
• some Facultative anaerobes (energy from fermentation)

Question 17

Chemoorganheterotrophs

Answer 17

Use organic compounds as their source of carbon, electrons and energy.

Question 18

Saprotrophy

Answer 18

fungi utilise dead plant, animal, or microbial remains for it nutrients.

Question 19

Paraitism

Answer 19

Fungi utilise the living tissue of plants and animals to the detriment of the host.

Question 20

Symbiosis

Answer 20

Fungi live with the living tissue to benefit the host.

Question 21

Carbon is found in the form of what structural materials

Answer 21

• Cellulose
• Lignin
• Chitin
• Keratin

Question 22

What enzymes are used to degrade cellulose

Answer 22

Endoglucanases
Celobiohydrolases

Question 23

Other forms of nutrition

Answer 23

• Nitrogen (Amino acids + Ammonium)
• Phosphorus (from the ability to break down organic compounds from dead organisms)
• Sulphur (inorganic or low molecular weight from organic molecules such as AA methionine)

Question 24

Micro-elements

Answer 24

• Calcium
• Iron
• Copper
• Manganese
• Zinc
• Molybdenum
  -High-affinity specific transporters
  -Produce ligands which bind to micro elements

Question 25

Reproduction

Answer 25

- Asexually - Sexually - Both

Question 26

Asexually

Answer 26

1. The parent undergoes mitosis (dividing into 2 daughter cells 2. Budding (produces a daughter cell (common in yeast) 3. Spore Formation (Most common)

Question 27

Types of Spore Formation

Answer 27

1. Arthrospores 2. Chlamydospores 3. Sporangiospores 4. Condiospore 5. Blastospores

Question 28

Arthrospores

Answer 28

Hyphae fragment to form cells that behave like spores.

Question 29

Chlamydospores

Answer 29

Cells are surrounded by thick cell wall before separation.

Question 30

Sporangiospores

Answer 30

Spores develop within a sac.

Question 31

Condiospore

Answer 31

The spores are not enclosed within a sac: but produced at the tips.

Question 32

Blastospores

Answer 32

Produced from a vegetative mother cell by budding.

Question 33

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 33

- Involves the fusion of two nuclei meiosis - Produces new progeny with a combination of genes from different parent nuclei. - Sexual spores are more resistant to desiccation.

Question 34

Benefits

Answer 34

1. Degradation of organic material 2. Fermented food and drinks 3. Food ingredients & additives 4. Antibiotic Production 5.Biofuel 6. Bioremediation 7.Symbiosis

Question 35

Detrimental effects

Answer 35

1. Biodeterioration 2. Food spoilage 3. Plant Disease 4. Human & Animal disease 5. Fungal Toxicosis

Question 36

4 Fungal Diseases in Humans

Answer 36

1. Allergic Reaction (Inhaling Spores) 2. React to fungal toxin (hallucinogenic properties, Some species produce aflatoxin implicated in cancer). 3. Mycoses (fungi grow on or in the body) 4. Economic Impact ( Destroy human food supple causing starvation).