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Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

From what kingdom is fungi?

A

Fungi Kingdom

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2
Q

Fungi are ___________ and acquire food by _________.

A

chemoheterotrophs
absorption

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3
Q

With the
exception of _______, fungi are ____________.

A

yeasts
multicellular

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4
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Most reproduce with sexual and asexual spores.

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5
Q

Fungal colonies are described as _________ ___________ because they’re composed of the cells involved in
_________ and _______.

A

vegetative structures
catabolism
growth

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6
Q

What is the body of a mold or fleshy fungus that consists of long filaments of cells?

A

Thallus

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7
Q

What are the are long filaments of cells joined together?

A

Hyphae

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8
Q

This structure can grow to immense proportions.

A

Thallus

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9
Q

Hyphae, in most molds, containing cross-walls called septa which divide them into distinct, uninucleate cell-like units.

A

Septate hyphae

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10
Q

Hyphae, in a few classes of fungi, containing no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with
many nuclei.

A

Coenocytic or Nonseptate hyphae

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11
Q

Each part of a ______ is capable of growth, and when a _________
breaks off, it can _________ to form a new hypha.

A

hypha
fragment
elongate

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12
Q

What is the portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients?

A

Vegetative hypha

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13
Q

What is the hypha that projects above the surface of the
medium on which the fungus is growing?

A

Reproductive or aerial hypha

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14
Q

This type of hyphae grow to form this filamentous mass when environmental conditions are suitable,
which is visible to the unaided eye.

A

Mycelium

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15
Q

This fungi is non-filamentous, unicellular; spherical or oval.

A

Yeasts

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16
Q

What is a type of fungi that is widely distributed; frequently white powdery coating on fruits and leaves?

A

Yeasts

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17
Q

What fungi is capable of facultative anaerobic growth?

A

Yeasts

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18
Q

Fungi used to ferment carbohydrates and produce ethanol (brewed
beverages) and CO2 (leavening bread dough).

A

Yeasts

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19
Q

Fungi that can perform aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water.

A

Yeasts

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20
Q

An example of a budding yeast.

A

Saccharomyces

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21
Q

In ________, the parent cell forms a ____________ (bud) on its outer
surface.

A

budding
protuberance

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22
Q

As the bud _________, the parent cell’s nucleus divides, and one nucleus migrates into the bud. Cell wall material is then laid down between the bud and _________ ______, and the bud eventually breaks away.

A

elongates
parent cell

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23
Q

What is called to the buds that fail to detach themselves, forming a short chain of cells?

A

pseudohypha

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24
Q

What attaches to human epithelial cells as a yeast but usually requires
pseudohyphae to invade deeper tissues?

A

Candida albicans

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25
An example of fission yeasts.
Schizosaccharomyces
26
During _________, the parent cell elongates, its nucleus divides, and two _________ cells evenly divided are produced.
fission offspring
27
Pathogenic species, exhibit ________ or two forms of growth, that is temperature-dependent.
dimorphism
28
In dimorphism, it could either act as a ____ (37°C; produce ________ and aerial hyphae) or as a _______ (25°C; reproduce by _______).
mold vegetative yeast budding
29
Filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by ___________ of their hyphae.
fragmentation
30
Sexual and _______ reproduction in fungi occurs by the formation of ________.
asexual spores
31
What are formed from aerial hyphae in a number of different ways, depending on the species?
Spores
32
Fungal _______ can be either asexual or sexual. Fungi are usually identified by _____ ____.
spores spore type
33
Asexual spores are formed by the ______ of one organism.
hyphae
34
Such spores are produced through _________ and subsequent cell division; there is no ______ of the nuclei of cells.
mitosis fusion
35
When these spores __________, they become organisms that are genetically _______ to the parent.
germinate identical
36
Name the types of asexual spores.
Conidiospore and Sporangiospores
37
What is a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac?
Conidiospore
38
What is produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore?
Conidiospore
39
Examples of conidiospore.
Penicillium and Aspergillus
40
What is the conidia that is formed by the fragmentation of a septate hypha into single, slightly thickened cells?
Anthroconidia
41
What is an example of Anthroconidia?
Coccidioides immitis
42
What is the conidia that is formed from the buds of its parent cell?
Blastoconidia
43
This is found in some yeasts, such as C. albicans and Cryptococcus.
Blastoconidia
44
What is a thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment?
Chlamydoconidia
45
What is an example of Chlamydoconidia?
Candida albicans
46
What is formed within a sporangium, or sac, at the end of an aerial hypha called a sporangiophore?
Sporangiospores
47
What is an example of Sporangiospores?
Rhizopus
48
________ identification is based on ___________ examination of asexual spores, because most fungi exhibit only asexual spores in _________ settings.
Clinical microscopic laboratory
49
This result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus.
Sexual spores
50
Which is more frequent, sexual spores or asexual spores?
asexual spores
51
Organisms that grow from ______ spores will have genetic characteristics of both ________ strains.
sexual parental
52
What are the phases of sexual spores?
Plasmogamy Karyogamy Meiosis
53
A phase of sexual spores where a haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-)..
Plasmogamy
54
A phase of sexual spores where the (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus.
Karyogamy
55
A phase of sexual spores where the diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which may be genetic recombinants.
Meiosis
56
Fungi are __________ – absorb nutrients rather than __________ them.
chemoheterotrophs ingesting
57
Environmental requirements and nutritional characteristics of fungi:
* usually grow better in an environment with a pH of about 5 * almost all molds are aerobic; most yeasts are facultative anaerobes * resistant to osmotic pressure; most can grow in relatively high sugar or salt concentrations * grow on substances with a very low moisture content * require somewhat less nitrogen * metabolizes complex carbohydrates, such as lignin
58
Medically important fungi includes?
Teleomorphs and anamorphs
59
Also known as conjugation fungi, are saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyphae.
Zygomycota/ Zygomycetes
60
Asexual spores include?
conidia, chlamydoconidia, sporangiospores
61
These are large sexual spores enclosed in a thick wall called a zygosporangia.
Zygospores
62
This forms when the nuclei of two cells that are morphologically similar to each other fuse.
Zygospores
63
This lack mitochondria, don’t have microtubules, and obligate intracellular parasites
Microsporidia
64
Causes chronic diarrhea and keratoconjunctivitis, most notably in AIDS patients
Microsporidia
65
Also known as sac fungi, include molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts
Ascomycota/ Ascomycetes
66
These sexual spores are produced in a saclike structure called an ascus
Ascospores
67
This forms when the nuclei of two cells that can be either morphologically similar or dissimilar fuse
Ascospores
68
Also known as club fungi which possess septate hyphae.
.Basidiomycota/ Basidiomycetes
69
This is formed externally on a base pedestal and is club-shaped called a basidium.
Basidiospores
70
Enumerate the types of teleomorphs.
Zygomycota Microsporidia Ascomycota Basidiomycota
71
Some ascomycetes (and a few are basidiomycetes) have lost the ability to reproduce sexually
Anamorphs
72
Any fungal infection that is generally chronic (long-lasting).
Mycosis
73
Enumerate the types of mycosis.
Systemic mycoses Subcutaneous mycoses Cutaneous mycoses Superficial mycoses Opportunistic mycoses
74
A type of mycosis that is deep within the body; not restricted to any particular region of the body but can affect a number of tissues and organs; usually caused by fungi that live in the soil.
Systemic mycoses
75
Spores are transmitted by inhalation; these infections typically begin in the lungs and then spread to other body tissues; not contagious from animal to human or from human to human
Systemic mycoses
76
An example of Systemic mycoses.
histoplasmosis coccidioidomycosis
77
Beneath the skin caused by saprophytic fungi that live in soil and on vegetation.
Subcutaneous mycoses
78
Infection occurs by direct implantation of spores or mycelial fragments into a puncture wound in the skin.
Subcutaneous mycoses
79
An example of Subcutaneous mycoses.
sporotrichosis
80
Fungi that infect only the epidermis, hair, and nails
Dermatophytes
81
Secrete keratinase, an enzyme that degrades keratin, a protein found in hair, skin, and nails
Dermatophytes
82
Fungal infection localized in surface epidermal cells and along hair shafts
Superficial mycoses
83
Generally harmless in its normal habitat but can become pathogenic in a host who is seriously debilitated or traumatized
Opportunistic mycoses
84
Examples of Opportunistic mycoses
Pneumocystis (pneumocystis pneumonia, PCP) Stachybotrys Rhizopus and Mucor (mucormycosis) Aspergillus (aspergillosis) Cryptococcus Penicillium C. albicans (yeast infection, or candidiasis)
85
Enumerate the beneficial effects of fungi.
Food chain Symbiosis Produce foods Biotechnology Biological controls of pests
86
What decompose the hard parts of plants which animals can’t digest?
Cellulases
87
What symbiotic fungi help plant roots absorb minerals and water from soil?
Mycorrhizae
88
Fungi-farming ants ______ fungi that break down _______ and ______ from plants, providing glucose that the ants can then digest.
cultivate cellulose lignin
89
Humans use fungi for food (_________) and to produce foods (bread; _________ ______ – citric acid) and drugs (alcohol and penicillin; _________ – anticancer drug taxol).
mushrooms Aspergillus niger Taxomyces
90
What is used to make bread and wine; genetically modified to produce a variety of proteins, including hepatitis B vaccine?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
91
What is used produce the enzyme cellulase, which is used to remove plant cell walls to produce a clear fruit juice?
Trichoderma
92
What feeds on fungi that destroy soybeans and other bean crops?
Coniothyrium minitans
93
What is foam filled that kill termites hiding inside tree trunks and other hard-to-reach places?
Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
94
The undesirable effects of fungi include?
Spoilage of fruits, grains, and vegetables Cause diseases on plants Serious fungal infections

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