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Susan's Biology Grade 12 > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is the branch of biology called that studies fungi?

A

Mycology

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2
Q

List some characteristics of fungi.

A
  • eukaryotic
  • heterotrophs that absorb food
  • unicellular or multicellular
  • cells walls are made of chitin
  • most reproduce asexually by spores
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3
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Threadlike filaments that make up the structure of fungi.

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4
Q

What is a mycelium?

A

A feeding network composed of interwoven, branching hyphae.

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5
Q

How does a mycelium function, and why?

A

Increases surface area to absorb more nutrients

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6
Q

How fast can mycelium grow?

A

Up to one kilometer per day

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7
Q

What are septae?

A

Cross-walls in the hyphae that contain pores large enough for organelles to pass through.

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8
Q

What is the primary component of fungal cell walls?

A

Chitin

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9
Q

How do fungi eat?

A

Excrete enzymes to digest food outside their bodies, then absorb small molecules into their cells.

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10
Q

What are saprobes?

A

Organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic matter.

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11
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

By spores; tough, haploid spores are able to survive unfavourable conditions for long periods of time and can be produced asexually or sexually

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12
Q

What are two other kinds of asexual fungal reproduction?

A

Budding - a new organism develops from an outgrowth of the parent
Fragmentation - a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new mycelium

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13
Q

How does sexual reproduction occur in fungi?

A

Two haploid mycelia of different types grow towards each other and fuse. Then, the parent nuclei fuse and eventually produce haploid spores by meiosis.

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14
Q

What is a unique characteristic of chytrids?

A

Flagellated spores called zoospores

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of chytrids?

A
  • mainly aquatic, live in freshwater and moist soils
  • most are saprobes, but some are parasites
  • unicellular or filamentous
  • primarily reproduce asexually with motile spores
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16
Q

What can chytrids decompose?

A

Tough substances such as chitin, keratin, cellulose, and pollen

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17
Q

What kind of fungi forms symbiotic relationships with plants?

A

Glomeromycetes

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18
Q

What is the symbiotic relationship between glomeromycetes and plants?

A

The hyphae penetrate into the root cells of trees and other plants. The fungus receives organic nutrients and the plant receives water and minerals absorbed from the soil by the hyphae.

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19
Q

How many vascular plants have or benefit from symbiotic relationships with fungi?

A

90%

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20
Q

What are the symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi called?

21
Q

What kind of fungi is a common mold?

Study These Flashcards
A

Zygote fungi, or phylum zygomycota

22
Q

What are some characteristics of zygote fungi?

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A
  • mostly terrestrial, live in soil or on decaying matter
  • reproduce asexually when food is plentiful and sexually under harsh conditions
23
Q

What is a common zygote fungus?

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A

Rhizopus stolonifer or black bread mold

24
Q

What are the asexual spore-forming structures in zygote fungi called?

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A

Sporangia (form at the tips of hyphae)

25
What is the structure formed during sexual reproduction in zygote fungi?
Zygosporangium, a thick-walled structure that can remain dormant until environmental requirements are met.
26
What is the scientific term for sac fungi, and what are some examples?
Phylum ascomycota - morels - truffles - yeast - cup fungi
27
What are some characteristics of sac fungi?
- live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats - most are multicellular - named for the spore-producing sac called an ascus - usually reproduce asexually
28
What happens during the asexual reproduction of sac fungi?
Spores called conidia are borne on stalks called conidiophores
29
What happens during the sexual reproduction of sac fungi?
A sac-like structure called an ascus forms at the tip of specialized hyphae and produces spores called ascospores
30
What is the scientific name for club fungi? List some examples of club fungi.
Phylum basidiomycota - mushrooms - puffballs - shelf fungi - smuts - rusts
31
What are club fungi named for?
A club-shaped, spore-producing structure called a basidium
32
What do basidiomycetes decompose, and how do they reproduce?
They decompose wood and other plant material, and usually reproduce by sexual means
33
What is a fairy ring?
A visible, above-ground ring of mushrooms, or fruiting bodies, produces around the edges of an underground mycelium
34
What colour of light do bioluminescent fungi emit?
Green
35
What role do fungi have in the ecosystem?
Decomposers that break down organic matter and recycle vital nutrients
36
What is a lichen?
A mutualistic relationship between fungal hyphae (usually ascomycetes) and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria
37
How does each organism benefit and provide in a lichen?
The fungus provides a suitable habitat by absorbing and retaining water and minerals; the algae/cyanobacteria provide organic compounds through photosynthesis
38
Describe the symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the wood wasp.
Fungi is dispersed by the wasp to new trees and deposited into bore holes created by the wasp that allow the hyphae to grow quickly and easily; decomposition by the fungi creates easier access to the wood as a food source for wasp larvae
39
Describe the symbiotic relationship between fungi and leaf-cutter ants.
The ants feed leaves to fungi and the fungi produce large hyphal tups that serve as food for the ants
40
What percentage of plant diseases are caused by fungi?
85%
41
Define mycoses.
Infections caused by fungi
42
What is candidiasis?
The most common form of yeast infection; caused by candida albicans and affects skin, mouth, nails, and other areas of the body
43
What is ringworm?
A common fungal skin infection that produces an itchy, circular rash
44
Define mold.
A general term for any fungus that grows rapidly on a surface, often on decaying bread, fruit, and other food
45
What is stachybotrys chartarum?
A toxic black mold found in homes that can cause illness and death.
46
What are some commercial uses of fungi?
- food source - food production and processing - production of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals
47
What are some foods that are produced using fungi?
- mushrooms - truffles - bread - beer - wine - cheeses
48
List some medicinal products of fungi.
- antibiotics such as penicillin - anti-cancer drugs - immunosupressants - fungicides

Susan's Biology Grade 12 (2 decks)

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