Fungi

Question 1

What are the main body forms of fungi?

Answer 1

Unicellular and multicellular

Question 2

What are hyphae?

Answer 2

Tube-like strands in filamentous fungi

Question 3

What is a mycelium?

Answer 3

Aggregate of hyphae

Question 4

What is a sclerotium?

Answer 4

Hardened mass of mycelium for overwintering

Question 5

What are some multicellular structures of fungi?

Answer 5

• Mycelial cords
• Rhizomorphs
• Fruit bodies (mushrooms)

Question 6

What type of nutrition do fungi have?

Answer 6

Chemoheterotrophs

Question 7

What are saprophytes?

Answer 7

Fungi that feed on dead organic matter

Question 8

What are symbionts in fungi?

Answer 8

Fungi in mutually beneficial relationships

Question 9

What are parasitic fungi?

Answer 9

Fungi feeding on living tissue

Question 10

How do fungi absorb nutrients?

Answer 10

By external digestion with enzymes, then absorption

Question 11

What is the fungi cell wall made of?

Answer 11

Chitin

Question 12

How do fungi store food?

Answer 12

• Lipids
• Glycogen

Question 13

Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Answer 13

Eukaryotes

Question 14

What pH do fungi prefer for growth?

Answer 14

Around pH 5

Question 15

Are molds aerobic?

Answer 15

Yes, almost all molds are aerobic

Question 16

Are yeasts anaerobic or aerobic?

Answer 16

Facultative anaerobes

Question 17

How do fungi tolerate osmotic pressure compared to bacteria?

Answer 17

More resistant; can grow in high sugar/salt

Question 18

How do bacterial colonies differ from fungal colonies?

Answer 18

Bacterial colonies are smooth; fungal colonies are fuzzy

Question 19

What is a fungal bud?

Answer 19

Yeast cell bulging to form a new cell

Question 20

What is a fungal spore?

Answer 20

Specialized cell for reproduction or dormancy

Question 21

What are the purposes of fungal spores?

Answer 21

• Dispersal
• Resistance
• Genetic variation

Question 22

What are arthrospores?

Answer 22

Fragmented septate hyphae cells; made by Coccidioides immitis

Question 23

What are chlamydoconidia?

Answer 23

Thick-walled spores inside hyphal segments; made by Candida albicans

Question 24

What are sporangiospores?

Answer 24

Spores in a sac (sporangium); made by Rhizopus

Question 25

What are conidiospores?

Answer 25

Free spores in chains; made by *Aspergillus* and *Penicillium*

Question 26

What are blastospores?

Answer 26

Buds from parent cells; found in *Candida* and *Cryptococcus*

Question 27

What are the four major phyla of fungi?

Answer 27

* Zygomycota * Ascomycota * Basidiomycota * Deuteromycota

Question 28

What is Rhizopus an example of?

Answer 28

Zygomycota (bread mold)

Question 29

What fungi are in Ascomycota?

Answer 29

* Yeasts * Morels * Truffles

Question 30

What fungi are in Basidiomycota?

Answer 30

* Mushrooms * Puffballs * Rusts * Smuts

Question 31

What is Phylum Deuteromycota also called?

Answer 31

Fungi Imperfect

Question 32

What is mycorrhizae?

Answer 32

Symbiosis between fungi and plant roots

Question 33

What does the fungus provide in mycorrhizae?

Answer 33

Nutrient and water uptake

Question 34

What does the plant provide in mycorrhizae?

Answer 34

Carbohydrates

Question 35

Which phyla form mycorrhizae?

Answer 35

* Zygomycota (penetrate cells) * Ascomycota & Basidiomycota (don't)

Question 36

What are molds?

Answer 36

Multicellular fungi with asexual spores

Question 37

What are some uses of molds?

Answer 37

* Food spoilage * Food production * Antibiotics

Question 38

What are yeasts?

Answer 38

Unicellular fungi that reproduce by budding/fission

Question 39

What are lichens?

Answer 39

Symbiosis between algae and fungus

Question 40

What are the 3 types of lichens?

Answer 40

* Crustose * Foliose * Fruticose

Question 41

What is fungal dimorphism?

Answer 41

Ability to exist in mold and yeast forms

Question 42

How is dimorphism temperature-dependent in pathogens?

Answer 42

Yeast at 37°C; mold at 25°C

Question 43

What controls dimorphism in non-pathogens?

Answer 43

CO₂ concentration

Question 44

What are the 5 types of mycoses?

Answer 44

* Systemic * Subcutaneous * Cutaneous * Superficial * Opportunistic

Question 45

What are systemic mycoses?

Answer 45

Deep infections, often from inhaled soil fungi

Question 46

What are subcutaneous mycoses?

Answer 46

Beneath skin, from punctures (e.g., sporotrichosis)

Question 47

What are cutaneous mycoses?

Answer 47

Skin, hair, nail infections from dermatophytes

Question 48

What enzyme do dermatophytes secrete?

Answer 48

Keratinase

Question 49

What are superficial mycoses?

Answer 49

Hair shaft/skin surface infections, tropical

Question 50

What are opportunistic mycoses?

Answer 50

Normally harmless fungi infecting weakened hosts

Question 51

Name three opportunistic fungal diseases

Answer 51

* Pneumocystis * Mucormycosis * Aspergillosis

Question 52

What causes vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Answer 52

*Candida* overgrowth, often in immunocompromised