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FUNGI Flashcards

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1
Q

Latin word of a Fungi and its meaning

A

Fungi is derived from latin word FUNGOUR which means to flourish

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2
Q

Greek word of Mycology and its meaning

A

From the Greek word MYKES, the term Mycology was derived for the study of fungi

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3
Q

Who is regarded as father of science of mycology

A

Pier Antonio mishell

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4
Q

Pier Antonio michell

A

Italian botanist, first published his research on fungi, in 1729 ,entitled Nova plantarum genera. He is regarded as father of the science of mycology.

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5
Q

Definition of fungi

A

(Singular fungus) are eukaryotic, achlorophyllous organism consisting of filamentous septate aseptate somatic structures called hyphae, that form a wooly mass the mycelium in most cases.

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6
Q

Composition of cell wall of hyphae

A

Chitin or cellulose or both

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7
Q

How many genera and species of fungi are discovered?

A

About 5100 genera and more than 50,000 species .

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8
Q

Habitat of fungi

A

Water ,soil, dead and decaying organic matter, on other living organisms .They cause diseases

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9
Q

Mode of nutrition of fungi

A

1 . As saprobes ,on non living organic matter

  1. As parasites, infect plants and animals including human beings
  2. By secreting extracellular enzymes, the fungi require a sufficient amount of organic food to survive ; therefore they digest the organic food outside their bodies by secreting the enzymes(extracellular enzymes) and making the organic matter soluble so that it may be absorbed into their cells easily and effectively.
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10
Q

What is the plant body of fungi called

A

Thallus

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11
Q

Define thallus

A

The vegetative phase of fungus is a thallus . There is no differentiation into stem, root or leaves and the vascular tissue is absent such a plant body is called thallus.

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12
Q

Types of thallus

A

unicellular and multicellular

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13
Q

Unicellular thallus with example

A

In some fungi the thallus is single cell spherical structure. Example, yeast

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14
Q

Filamentous thallus

A

Majority of fungi have a multicellular plant body. Which is composed of thread like tubular filament called hyphae, present in the form a loosely woven mass , the mycelium

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15
Q

Define hyphae

A

Hyphae is made of a thin transparent tubular wall filled or lined with a layer of Protoplasm

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16
Q

Types of hyphae

A

It may be

  1. Aseptate (coenocytic)
  2. septate
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17
Q

Define coenocytic

A

Coenocytic (Gr.koinos=common + koite=couch) i.e many nucleai are embedded in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What type of hyphae is present in simpler fungi

A

In simpler fungi the hyhae are aseptate (without cross wall) and coenocytic i.e many nucleai are embedded in the cytoplasm. However the septa are formed at the base of reproductive organs in simpler fungi

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19
Q

Define septate hyphae

A

In more Complex groups the hyphae Are septate i.e divided into cells or compartments by cross walls called Septa (singular septum ; L.septum=heage,partition)

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20
Q

Define mycelium

A

The mass of hyphae consituting the vegetative body (thallus) of a fungus is called the mycelium (plural mycelia)

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21
Q

Types of mycelium

A
  1. intracellular

2. intercellular mycelium

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22
Q

Define intracellular mycelium

A

If the mycelium penetrates the host issue it is said to be intracellular

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23
Q

Define intercellular mycelium

A

If mycelium confines itself to the intercellular spaces ,it is termed as intercellular mycelium

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24
Q

Name Cell structure of hyphae or organelles of fungal cell

A

Cell wall plasma membrane vacuole endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria Golgi bodies cytoplasmic microtubules ribosomes nucleus fungal tissues

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25
Structure of plasma membrane inside fungal cell
Inner to the cell wall is the plasma membrane which is a unit-membrane composed of protein layers separated by a lipid bilayer
26
Structure of vacuole inside fungal cell
The cytoplasm of young hyphae lacks vacuole. However a large central vacuole bounded by tonoplast is found in some fungi why in other cases many vacuoles are present
27
Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum inside fungal cell
A well developed network formed of Endoplasmic Reticulum is present throughout the cytoplasm. It may be coated with ribosome or without these.
28
Structure of Mitochondria inside fungal cell
Mitochondria are found abundantly in hyphae .These are enveloped by double membrane the outer membrane is being continuous with the endoplastic reticulum
29
Define fungus cellulose
In majority of fungi the wall lack cellulose but contain a form of chitin known as fungus cellulose
30
Formula of fungus chitin
(C22​ H54​ N4 ​O21​)n
31
Name the composition of cell wall of fungi
In addition to chitin, the pectin ,protein ,lipids ,cellulose , callose and minerals are also present
32
Structure of Golgi bodies inside fungal cell
Golgi Bodies have been reported rarely , however where present these are composed of four or five flattened cisternae.
33
Structure of cytoplasmic microtubules and its function
Cytoplasmic microtubules are present throughout the cytoplasm. These are concerned with cytoplasmic movement and maintenance of cell shape.
34
Define microbodies
Round or oval body is called microbodies which are concerned to be precursors of peroxisomes occur frequently in fungi.
35
Structure And function of ribosomes
Ribosomes occurs freely in cytoplasm or associated with endoplasmic reticulum they main aggregate to form polyribosomes these are concerned with synthesis of proteins.
36
Structure of nucleus
The fungi possess well organized nucleus .It contains a nuclear envelope , nucleolus and chromatid strands. The nuclear envelope constricts in a dumb-bell like manner and separates into two daughter nuclei .The nucleolus consists mainly of RNA.
37
Define fungal tissues or plectenchyma
During certain stages of the life history of most fungi , the mycelium becomes organized into loosely or compactly woven tissue these are called fungal tissues or plectenchyma (Gr. Plekein=to weave + enchyma=infusion _a woven tissue)
38
Types of fungal tissue
1. Prosenchyma | 2. Pseudo parenchyma
39
Define prosenchyma tissue
It is a loosely woven tissue in which hyphae lie more or less parallel to one another .The elongated cells can be distinguished from one another.
40
Define pseudo parenchyma tissue
It consists of closely packed, more or less isodiametric or oval cells resembling the parenchyma cells of the vascular plants .The hyphae lose their individuality and are not distinguishable
41
What type of somatic and reproductive structures fungal tissue produces
1. Stroma | 2. Sclerotium
42
Define stroma
It is a compact somatic structure much like a cushion on which fungal fruiting bodies are usually formed
43
Define sclerotium
It is a hard resting body resistant to unfavourable conditions which may remain dormant during unfavorable period and germinate on return of favorable conditions.
44
Name the modifications of vegetative plant body
1. Rhizomorphs 2. Appressoria 3. Haustoria
45
What are rhizomorphs
The members of the basidiomycota and some other groups which invade roots of the plants or destroy wood ,the hyphae aggregate to form thick longitudinal strands called rhizomorph. Each rhizomorph has a thick hard cortex and a growing tip resembling that of root-tip. The rhizomorph are resistant to adverse conditions and resume growth on return of favourable conditions
46
What are appressoria
These are simple or lobed swollen structures that arise either from germ tube or infecting hyphae .They are found in disease-causing fungi , Example: in members of Uridenales
47
What are haustoria
These are knob-like structures, elongated or branched outgrowths of the somatic hyphae. They are regarded as specialized absorbing organs. These are found in parasitic fungi such as albugo ,puccinia etc
48
What are modes of Nutrition of fungi
1. Saprotrophs 2. Parasites 3. Symbionts 4. Predaceous fungi
49
Write a note on saprotrophic fungi
These are the fungi that live on dead organic matter. These are found on Rotten fruits, vegetables ;moist wood and leaves ,leather ,jams ,jellies ,pickles ,cheese, horse and cattle dung Etc. The saprotrophic fungi absorb food from the substratum by sending ordinary hyphae or by development of rhizoids into the substratum.
50
Types of saprotrophic fungi
1. Obligate saprobes | 2. Facultative saprobes
51
Define obligate saprobes
Some of these are incapable of infecting living organisms to cause diseases and are called obligate saprobes
52
Define facultative saprobes
Some fungi that are capable of causing diseases term as facultative saprobes video
53
Example of saprotrophic fungi
mucor , rhizopus , Penicillium, agaricus,etc
54
Example of obligate saprobes
Rhizopus
55
Examples of facultative saprobes
Pythium
56
What are parasitic fungi
These fungi live on a variety of living organisms called the host. The parasitic fungi absorbfood material from the living tissue of the hosts. These fungi are usually harmful and cause many serious diseases in the hosts.
57
Types of parasitic fungi
1. Ectoparasite | 2. Endoparasite
58
Define ectoparasite
Their mycelium remains outside the body and absorb food by sending haustoria into the body of the host.
59
Define endoparasite
Their mycelium is present inside the host
60
Example of parasitic fungi
Rust, smut, mildew ,etc
61
Example of ectoparasite
puccinia
62
Example of endoparasite
ustilago
63
Define symbionts and Symbiosis
Some fungi from an association with other plants. Search a relationship is called Symbiosis and the partner are called symbionts
64
Types of symbionts
Lichens and mycorrhizae
65
What are Lichens
It is the symbiotic association of fungi with algae. The fungal partner provides shelter and absorb moisture whereas the algal partner synthesizes the food
66
What are mycorrhizae
In some cases, the fungi develop in the roots of higher plants to form mycorrhizae . These fungi help in production of moisture along with minerals like Phosphorus and in return get food

Botany A (2 decks)

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