FUNKCIONALNA ANATOMIJA

Question 1

Kaj preučuje funkcionalna anatomija?

Answer 1

Funkcije organov in njihova prilagodljivost na spremembe v okolju.

Funkcionalna anatomija se osredotoča na delovanje organskih sistemov v različnih življenjskih obdobjih.

Question 2

Na kaj se osredotoča funkcionalna anatomija lokomotornega sistema?

Answer 2

Struktura in delovanje lokomotornega sistema v mehanski celovitosti med mirovanjem, različnimi položaji in gibanjem.

Question 3

Kako je razvrščena funkcionalna anatomija?

Answer 3

Po skupinah organov z enako funkcijo, ki se imenujejo sistemska funkcionalna anatomija.

Question 4

Katera so tri glavna področja preučevanja funkcionalne anatomije lokomotornega sistema?

Answer 4

• Osteologija (kosti)
• Syndesmologia (sklepi)
• miologija (mišice)

Question 5

Kaj proučuje kineziologija?

Answer 5

Človeško gibanje s pomočjo teorij in načel različnih ved, vključno z anatomijo in mehaniko.

Question 6

Kateri sta dve glavni veji biomehanike pri preučevanju človeškega gibanja?

Answer 6

• Statika: preučevanje teles v mirovanju ali enakomernem gibanju
• Dinamika: preučevanje gibanja pri pospeševanju in pojemku

Question 7

Opredelite kinematiko.

Answer 7

preučevanje gibanja brez upoštevanja vzrokov gibanja.

Question 8

Kakšna je razlika med osteokinematiko in artrokinematiko?

Answer 8

• Osteokinematics: movement of bones in joints
• Arthrokinematics: movement between joint surfaces

Question 9

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 9

Body standing upright, facing forward, with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body.

This standard position is used for anatomical descriptions.

Question 10

Name the three anatomical planes.

Answer 10

• Sagittal plane
• Frontal plane
• Transverse plane

These planes are used to describe body orientation and movements.

Question 11

What is the function of the joint capsule?

Answer 11

Encloses the joint and is made of two layers: fibrous outer layer and synovial inner layer.

The capsule plays a crucial role in joint stability and lubrication.

Question 12

What stabilizes a joint?

Answer 12

Muscle force, ligaments, and atmospheric pressure.

These factors contribute to maintaining joint integrity.

Question 13

Classify joints based on movement mechanics.

Answer 13

• Uniaxial joints
• Biaxial joints
• Multiaxial joints
• Non-axial (gliding) joints

Classification helps in understanding joint function and movement capabilities.

Question 14

What type of movement occurs in a hinge joint?

Answer 14

Flexion and extension.

Examples include the knee and elbow joints.

Question 15

What is unique about a ball-and-socket joint?

Answer 15

Allows for all types of movement.

An example is the shoulder joint.

Question 16

What is arthrokinematics?

Answer 16

Intra-articular movement or the movement of two joint surfaces sliding against each other during osteokinematic movement.

This movement is essential for normal joint function.

Question 17

True or False: Kinematics considers the forces causing movement.

Answer 17

False.

Kinematics focuses on the geometry of motion without considering forces.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The study of the movement of bones within joints is called _______.

Answer 18

[Osteokinematics]

Question 19

What are the two types of forces studied in kinetics?

Answer 19

• Internal forces (muscles)
• External forces (gravity, inertia)

These forces play a significant role in movement analysis.

Question 20

Kaj omogočajo mehanoreceptorji in nociceptorji v bioloških sklepih?

Answer 20

Proprioceptivni feedback

Proprioceptivni feedback je pomemben za zaznavanje položaja in gibanja sklepov.

Question 21

Kako so označene sklepne površine bioloških sklepov?

Answer 21

Izredna mehanična popolnost

Sklepne površine so jajčaste ali sedlaste, nikoli ravne.

Question 22

Kakšno gibanje poteka v sklepu?

Answer 22

Mehansko vrtenje (rotacija)

Gibanje poteka okoli namišljene točke - vrtišča.

Question 23

Kaj se zgodi pri vrtenju v sklepu?

Answer 23

Vrtišče je edina točka, ki miruje, ostale se gibljejo okoli nje

Hitrost vrtenja se povečuje z oddaljenostjo od vrtišča.

Question 24

Kaj določa vrsto artrokinematičnih gibanj?

Answer 24

Oblika sklepne površine

Teoretični model opisuje sklepe z ovoidnimi in sedlastimi površinami.

Question 25

Katere so osnovne komponente artrokinematičnega gibanja?

Answer 25

* Kotaljenje * Drsenje * Vrtenje * Trakcija * Kompresija ## Footnote Te komponente so ključne za razumevanje gibanja v sklepih.

Question 26

Kaj je kotaljenje v kontekstu artrokinematičnega gibanja?

Answer 26

Nove točke na gibljivi sklepni površini prihajajo v kontakt z novimi točkami na nasprotni površini ## Footnote Izolirano kotaljenje privede do kompresije in distrakcije.

Question 27

Kaj je drsenje v kontekstu artrokinematičnega gibanja?

Answer 27

Ista točka na gibljivi sklepni površini prihaja v kontakt z novo točko na nasprotni ## Footnote Izolirano drsenje ni prisotno pri normalni funkciji sklepa.

Question 28

Kakšna je smer drsenja v sklepu glede na obliko sklepnih površin?

Answer 28

Odvisna od konveksno-konkavnega pravila ## Footnote Smer drsenja se določa z obliko sklepne površine.

Question 29

Kakšna je razlika med zaklenjenim in položajem sklepa v mirovanju?

Answer 29

Zaklenjen položaj: največji kontakt, stabilnost Položaj v mirovanju: najmanj stabilnosti, največja 'igra sklepa' ## Footnote Zaklenjen položaj omogoča največjo stabilnost in zmanjšuje možnost poškodb.

Question 30

Katera dva tipa kinetične verige poznamo?

Answer 30

* Odprta * Zaprta ## Footnote Odprta kinetična veriga omogoča neodvisno gibanje segmentov, zaprta pa povzroči gibanje v vseh segmentih.

Question 31

Kaj je center gravitacije (CG) telesa?

Answer 31

Točka, okoli katere je masa vseh delov enako razporejena ## Footnote CG pri normalno grajenem človeku je nekoliko anteriorno od 2. križničnega vretenca.

Question 32

Kakšne so mehanične lastnosti kosti?

Answer 32

* Statična funkcija: opora, zaščita organov * Dinamična funkcija: delovanje kot vzvodi ## Footnote Kosti delujejo kot podporni sistem in omogočajo gibanje.

Question 33

Kako deluje vzvod v gibalnem sistemu?

Answer 33

Kost ali sistem kratkih kosti deluje kot mehansko togo telo vrtljivo okoli osi ## Footnote Vzvod omogoča izvedbo številnih enostavnih in sestavljenih gibov.

Question 34

What is a lever in biomechanics?

Answer 34

A lever is a rigid body that rotates around an axis. ## Footnote Levers are used to perform various simple and compound movements in the body.

Question 35

What are the basic classifications of levers?

Answer 35

* dvokončni (dvokraki) vzvod * enokončni (enokraki) vzvod ## Footnote These classifications are based on the relative positions of the load, effort, and fulcrum.

Question 36

What is the function of a lever in the body?

Answer 36

To maintain balance, overcome gravitational forces, or increase movement speed. ## Footnote Examples include balance levers and speed levers.

Question 37

What characterizes a first-class lever?

Answer 37

The fulcrum is located between the load and the effort. ## Footnote An example is the position of the head in the atlanto-occipital joint.

Question 38

Describe a second-class lever.

Answer 38

The effort arm is longer than the load arm, allowing for less effort to overcome a larger load. ## Footnote This type of lever is commonly seen in the body when lifting heavy weights.

Question 39

What is a third-class lever?

Answer 39

The effort arm is shorter than the load arm, requiring greater effort to move a lighter load. ## Footnote Examples include flexors in the elbow joint.

Question 40

How do levers in the body change characteristics?

Answer 40

The lengths of the load arm and effort arm can change, transforming between types. ## Footnote For example, a balance lever can transform into a speed lever.

Question 41

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

Answer 41

To produce movement and maintain posture. ## Footnote Skeletal muscles account for approximately 40% of body weight.

Question 42

What is a motor unit?

Answer 42

A motor unit consists of all muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron. ## Footnote The size of a motor unit varies depending on the muscle's function.

Question 43

What is the basic structural unit of skeletal muscle?

Answer 43

A muscle fiber, which is composed of myofibrils. ## Footnote Muscle fibers can range in length from a few millimeters to several centimeters.

Question 44

What are the components of a sarcomere?

Answer 44

* A band * I band * Z line * H zone * M line ## Footnote Sarcomeres are the functional units of muscle contraction.

Question 45

What role do mitochondria play in muscle cells?

Answer 45

They produce ATP, providing energy for muscle contractions. ## Footnote Mitochondria are often referred to as 'powerhouses' of the cell.

Question 46

What triggers muscle contraction?

Answer 46

Nerve impulses lead to the release of acetylcholine, causing depolarization of the muscle fiber. ## Footnote This process initiates the contraction cycle in muscle fibers.

Question 47

Fill in the blank: The theory that explains muscle contraction is known as the _______.

Answer 47

theory of sliding filaments.

Question 48

What happens to calcium ions during muscle relaxation?

Answer 48

They are actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ## Footnote This process reduces the concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasm, allowing the muscle to relax.

Question 49

True or False: All muscle fibers in a motor unit contract simultaneously.

Answer 49

True.

Question 50

What happens to Ca2+ ion concentration in the sarcoplasm during muscle relaxation?

Answer 50

It decreases, inhibiting tropomyosin. ## Footnote This inhibition prevents the interaction between actin and myosin.

Question 51

What is the role of ATP in muscle relaxation?

Answer 51

ATP occupies the active site in the myosin molecule. ## Footnote This action facilitates the termination of the interaction between actin and myosin.

Question 52

What occurs to the muscle fibers during relaxation?

Answer 52

Myofilaments slide back to their original position in the sarcomere, resulting in muscle relaxation.

Question 53

What remains unchanged during relaxation and contraction in a muscle?

Answer 53

The width of the A band remains unchanged, while the I and H bands narrow during contraction.

Question 54

What is the behavior of A and M filaments during contraction?

Answer 54

They maintain constant length, with myosin filaments not moving while actin filaments move toward the center of the A band.

Question 55

What causes the sliding movement of filaments during contraction?

Answer 55

Cross bridges formed by the heads of stationary myosin filaments attach to the thin active filaments.

Question 56

During contraction, how do cross bridges function?

Answer 56

They pull actin filaments toward the H band, similar to pedals.

Question 57

What is the length of a sarcomere in a relaxed muscle?

Answer 57

2.5 μm.

Question 58

What is the length of a sarcomere in a maximally contracted muscle?

Answer 58

1.5 μm.

Question 59

What happens to the length of a muscle fiber when each sarcomere shortens by 0.5-1 μm?

Answer 59

It can cause up to a 40% shortening of the entire muscle length.

Question 60

What is the definition of muscle contraction?

Answer 60

A change in tension and/or length in a muscle cell, developing force to overcome weight or external force.

Question 61

What are the three types of muscle contractions?

Answer 61

* Isometric contraction * Concentric contraction * Eccentric contraction.

Question 62

What characterizes isometric contraction?

Answer 62

Muscle develops tension without changing length, resisting external forces.

Question 63

What occurs during concentric contraction?

Answer 63

Muscle develops tension greater than external forces, shortening and performing work.

Question 64

What defines eccentric contraction?

Answer 64

Muscle lengthens while developing tension less than external forces.

Question 65

What is isokinetic contraction?

Answer 65

Dynamic contraction with constant angular velocity, achievable only with isokinetic dynamometers.

Question 66

What factors influence the force generated in muscle contraction?

Answer 66

* Frequency of stimuli * Initial muscle length * Force-velocity relationship * Muscle type * Muscle fatigue.

Question 67

What is the relationship between stimulus frequency and muscle tension?

Answer 67

Increasing frequency leads to increased tension until max tetanic tension is reached.

Question 68

What is the optimal length-tension relationship in muscle cells?

Answer 68

Maximum force is developed when muscle length is 1.2 times its resting length.

Question 69

What happens to muscle tension at lengths of 65% or 170% of optimal length?

Answer 69

There is no change in tension.

Question 70

What is the force-velocity relationship in muscle contraction?

Answer 70

Faster shortening leads to lower force development; at max shortening speed, no force can be developed.

Question 71

What are the two criteria that define muscle fiber types?

Answer 71

* Speed of shortening * Enzymatic profile and ATP resynthesis capacity.

Question 72

What are slow-twitch muscle fibers characterized by?

Answer 72

They are fatigue-resistant, slow to contract, and suited for endurance activities.

Question 73

What are fast-twitch muscle fibers characterized by?

Answer 73

They are quick to contract, fatigue rapidly, and suited for high-intensity activities.

Question 74

What types of motor units are associated with muscle fiber types?

Answer 74

* S (slow) - small, fatigue-resistant * FR (fast fatigue-resistant) - medium, oxidative * FF (fast fatigable) - large, glycolytic.

Question 75

What type of motor units are characterized as fast fatigue-resistant (FR)?

Answer 75

Medium-sized motor units with medium-sized axons, innervate medium-sized muscle fibers, generate moderate force, resistant to fatigue, belong to muscle fiber type II A ## Footnote Fast fatigue-resistant units are primarily oxidative in nature.

Question 76

What distinguishes fast fatigable (FF) motor units?

Answer 76

Large motor units with large axons, innervate a large number of muscle fibers, generate high force, not resistant to fatigue, belong to muscle fiber type II B ## Footnote Fast fatigable units primarily utilize glycolytic metabolism.

Question 77

How are motor units activated during increasing contraction?

Answer 77

Based on the intensity of muscle activity, specific α motor neurons are selected according to their excitatory characteristics ## Footnote This includes the recruitment of motor units as muscle force increases.

Question 78

What is motor unit recruitment?

Answer 78

The increase in the number of motor units activated as muscle force increases ## Footnote This process allows for graded increases in muscle force.

Question 79

What is the size principle in motor unit activation?

Answer 79

The principle that larger motor units are activated for greater muscle forces, while smaller motor units are activated for lower forces ## Footnote Also known as Henneman's size principle.

Question 80

What physiological property of muscles refers to their ability to respond to a stimulus?

Answer 80

Excitability ## Footnote This property involves the transmission of a stimulus through the nerve to the neuromuscular junction.

Question 81

What does contractility in muscles refer to?

Answer 81

The shortening of muscle fibers during contraction ## Footnote This is the opposite of relaxation.

Question 82

What is the definition of extensibility in muscle physiology?

Answer 82

The ability of a muscle to be lengthened by an external force ## Footnote Examples include forces from antagonistic muscles or gravity.

Question 83

What is viscoelasticity in the context of muscles?

Answer 83

The mechanical properties of tendons and connective tissue that affect muscle behavior during contraction and passive stretching ## Footnote Includes both serial and parallel elastic components.

Question 84

What are the roles of agonists, antagonists, and synergists in muscle activity?

Answer 84

Agonist: primary muscle performing the action; Antagonist: muscle opposing the action; Synergist: muscle assisting the agonist ## Footnote This relationship varies depending on the activity and body segment positioning.

Question 85

What is passive muscular insufficiency?

Answer 85

A condition where a stretched antagonist muscle prevents the agonist from achieving a full range of motion ## Footnote Example: hip flexion limited by knee extensors when the knee is extended.

Question 86

What is active muscular insufficiency?

Answer 86

A condition where a muscle that crosses multiple joints cannot generate effective tension due to being overly shortened ## Footnote Example: finger flexion limited when the wrist is in flexion.