G2: Populations

Question 0

What is the demographic equation?

Answer 0

Birth rates + Immigration - Death rates - Outmigration = Population change

Question 1

What is demography?

Answer 1

Demography is the study of population’s vital statistics

Question 2

What is our model of population change called?

Answer 2

The demographic transition model

Question 3

Give an example of a birth rate and death rate at stage 2 of the DTM

Answer 3

Birth rate: Niger (48)

Death rate: Niger (14)

Question 4

Give an example of a birth rate and death rate at stage 3 of the DTM

Answer 4

Birth rate: Mexico (19)

Death rate Mexico (5)

Question 5

Give an example of a birth rate and death rate at stage 4 of the DTM

Answer 5

Birth rate: UK (13)

Death rate: UK (9)

Question 6

Give an example of a birth rate and death rate at stage 5 of the DTM

Answer 6

Birth rate: Germany (8)

Death rate: Germany (10)

Question 8

Describe and explain the changes to birth/death rates at stage 2 of the DTM.

How does this affect total population?

Answer 8

Very high birth rates, death rates are beginning to fall. This is the result of vaccinations (E.g. TB vaccine) and social policy reforms (E.g. Sewage Systems)

Total population rises rapidly (Natural increase) as more people are being born than are dying

Question 9

Describe and explain the changes to birth/death rates at stage 3 of the DTM.

How does this affect total population?

Answer 9

Birth rates now start to drop due to: more access to contraception, falling infant mortality rate lowers need for overcompensation, empowerment of women to allow them to work as opposed to having children, etc, Death rates still dropping as health care improves but the drop is at a less substantial rate

Natural increase continues to increase the population but not as much as before

Question 10

Describe and explain the changes to birth/death rates at stage 1 of the DTM.

How does this affect total population?

Answer 10

High birth and death rates cancel each other out. No vast change in population. No countries still in stage 1.

Question 11

Describe and explain the changes to birth/death rates at stage 4 of the DTM.

How does this affect total population?

Answer 11

Birth rates plateaux then slowly begin to drop. The baby boomers (1946-1954) have reached pension age and by 2021, 20% of the UK population will be pensioners and pensioners have little to no babies, lowering the birth rate. Infant mortality is low (UK 4.5) so no need to replaced deceased children. Many people want a career and with the average marriage age so high, people have little time to produce children. Finally, contraception such as the pill have added a sense of choice to having children. Death rates continue to decline as health care reaches an elite stage. Machines such as life support machines prolong life

Total population doesn’t change much here. It tends to fluctuate around a set amount

Question 12

Describe and explain the changes to birth/death rates at stage 5 of the DTM.

How does this affect total population?

Answer 12

Birth rate steadies or falls slightly. Death rates start to increase due to: 1) Medical technology keeps people alive longer so lots of elderly people passing away raises the death rate. 2) Diseases of affluence - drugs, smoking, alcohol, fast food, suicides as developed countries take forgranted their luxuries

Total population hits natural decrease as the death rates rise above birth rates. This decreases the total population

Question 13

With the DTM, what are the two types of questions they can ask you?

Answer 13

Questions on birth and death rates

Questions on total population

Question 14

What are the two types of migration?

Answer 14

Forced and voluntary

Question 15

What is forced migration?

Answer 15

Where one of more people are left with no other option but to move

Question 16

What is voluntary migration?

Answer 16

When one or more people decide to move to a location out of choice

Question 17

What is our case study for voluntary migration?

Answer 17

West Africa to Canary Islands

Question 18

Why do they move? (4 Points)

Answer 18

They live in Sub-Saharan Africa, the lowest income region in the world
They have a lack of resources due to a rising population
If a member leaves to an MEDC, they are regarded as a hero
European trawlers have reduced African fish stocks, meaning they can’t fish

Question 19

How are they moved?

Answer 19

On boats called Pirogues of death
They are filled with migrants and have little food or water to get more people on the boat
They have the minimum amount of petrol
The journey takes 8-10 days

Question 20

How are the government responding to illegal immigrants?

Answer 20

Europe has added tighter border security (Frontex)
They assist Spain in repatriation attempts
They give aid money to persuade people to stay in Africa
The number of those arriving at the Canary Islands stood at 2246 (2009) from 9181 (in 2008)

Question 21

Three economic impacts on the Canary Islands

Answer 21

Undocumented workers don’t contribute to the Spanish economy, instead they send the money back home. 5.5% of Ugandan GDP is from workers in foreign countries.

Cheap labour force enables Spain’s booming construction industry to make record profits

Tourism levels are reduced as people don’t want to go on a beach where malnourished Africans are washing up

Question 22

Three social impacts on the Canary Islands

Answer 22

Increase in racism as immigrants are willing to take such low paid work, indigenous people aren’t happy as they no longer have work

More homeless people as immigrants can’t always find regular jobs and sleep on the streets

There is a pressure on health care as the Africans arrive in a poor state of health from their disease ridden journeys on the pirogues of death

Question 23

Three environmental impacts on the Canary Islands

Answer 23

Tourists/locals find dead bodies washed up on the beaches

Many boats are abandoned along the coast

Abandoned boats are a health hazard due to the disease from the 8-10 day journey

Question 24

Three economic impacts on West Africa

Answer 24

Billions of dollars each year is sent back to Africa to help their families

Loss of fishing industry as young males leaves and boats become old

Trade has increased as people migrate on trade routes and visit oasis towns.

Question 25

Three social impacts on West Africa

Answer 25

Loss of young people as they drown trying to reach Europe - trauma stress for their families Families break down as young males leave Increase in crime as males people high prices to be smuggled out

Question 26

Three environmental factors on West Africa

Answer 26

Farms abandoned as young males leave - farm land deteriorates Hill-slopes are less maintained by farmers so soil slides damaging terraces become common Long boat trips to avoid Frontex increases amount of dead bodies that wash up on shore

Question 27

What model of migration did we study?

Answer 27

Ravenstein's laws of migration

Question 28

When was this model developed? Where was it based on? Does it still apply?

Answer 28

1880s/Britain | It applies to LEDCs today because 1880s Britain was similar to an LEDC

Question 29

State 5 laws

Answer 29

``` Migration is short distance Females move more than males The major cause is economic Most migrants are adults Rural people are more likely to migrate than urban people ```

Question 30

Applications (Good parts) of this model? (4)

Answer 30

The laws provide a basis to compare migration in different countries The laws help to provide a historical perspective to decipher if migration has changed in certain countries The laws provide a summation of the main characteristics of migration (the laws sum up migration) The laws compliment the DTM in that the more developed the country, the larger the population

Question 31

Limitations (Bad points) of this model? (5)

Answer 31

With improvements to transport/tech, it has become easier and cheaper to migrate over large distances. E.g. UK to Australia for work/warmer climate The biggest group of economic migrants today are young males, not females as the model suggests. E.g. West Africans to the Canary Islands It is difficult to differentiate between political and economic migrants if they 'lose their papers' The laws are based on the 1880s. Today people might move for other reasons The model doesn't take in to account other types of prominent migration. E.g. Retirement migration

Question 32

What is a refugee?

Answer 32

Someone who is forced to flee his/her country because of persecution/war/violence.

Question 33

What is an asylum seeker?

Answer 33

When people flee, they seek sanctuary in another country. They apply for asylum - the right to legal protection and material assistance. They must demonstrate their fear of persecution is well-founded

Question 34

What three examples did we have for refugees? Provide a little bit of information for each one

Answer 34

Czechoslovakia - German troops invaded. Jewish families left via the kinder transport. Iraq - Protecting families from the ongoing war. Left via plane Afghanistan - War/fighting going on. Left to find freedom/safety/human rights. Got smuggled in a container

Question 35

What is it like waiting for your asylum application? (4)

Answer 35

Can't work/study Feeling like you don't belong Have to regularly report to home office Uncertain fate

Question 36

Consequences of Asylum seekers - 3 economic

Answer 36

Economic pressure - Organisations such as NHS, fire/police services and Solicitors have increased workload Status of refugees can be dubious as they can pretend to be refugees. This costs the tax payer as they fund immigration/control. They can add to the economy by providing a cheap labour source. Also, spending the money within the UK furthers the benefit to the economy

Question 37

Consequences of Asylum seekers - 4 social/cultural

Answer 37

Cycle of deprivation takes place (E.g. Butetown, Cardiff) where they have low income jobs and so can't afford to improve their houses Repatriation to a war torn country can be emotional as they've experienced a good quality of life and have to go back Indigenous people may be upset by different habits of incomers. E.g. Prayer times in Cardiff schools Respect for the law - Coming from a legally lenient. country, incomers may have no respect for the law increasing crime rates and police work hours.

Question 38

Consequences of Asylum seekers - 3 demographic

Answer 38

Incomers tend to have higher birth rates raising pressure on schools/healthcare Asylum seekers need to have a home while their application takes place meaning tensions with indigenous people who want their own home Migrants may help combat the natural decrease that occurs in stage five of the DTM.

Question 39

Push factors for asylum seekers from Somalia

Answer 39

Somalia was without a formal parliament for more than 20 years Somalia is ill-equipped to deal with natural disasters. E.g. Drought killed 1/2 a mill people in 199/ and 2010-12 In 2006, Islamists pledged allegiance to Al-Qaeda and controlled the south Somalialand is an unrecognised self-declared de facto state causing tensions between them and Somalia

Question 40

Pull factors to Cardiff

Answer 40

Seaman/merchants from Somalia migrated to Cardiff in the 19th century, meaning a historical link of Somalians. Most Somalians can speak English which is the UK native language Better healthcare (life expectancy of 80 in the UK compared to a male/female life expectancy of 50 and 53 respectively in Somalia)

Question 41

Five reasons for countries to have unbalanced gender structures

Answer 41

``` Migration Stage 5 of the DTM Conflict and Gendercide AIDS Government Policies ```

Question 42

Explain why migration causes a gender imbalance

Answer 42

Male domination in a county which is exploiting natural resources as there is a demand for male workers to migrate. E.g. Dubai. The origin country becomes female dominated. E.g. Libya

Question 43

Explain why stage five of the DTM causes a gender imbalance

Answer 43

At stage five, there is an ageing population Women are biologically programmed to live longer, have less risky occupations and have generally healthier lifestyles meaning there is a surfeit of older females. Men also tend to have less care for health issues hence the female dominance arises

Question 44

Explain why conflict and Gendercide causes a gender imbalance

Answer 44

In war, mostly males battle. This means that lots of young males die on the battlefield. This reduces their weighting compared to females creating a female dominated country. E.g. Somalia has undergone civil wars since the 1980s. Gendercide in the systematic killing of one gender lowering their weighting in gender balance. In Juarez, Mexico, young women are raped and murdered. Known as the 'dead women of Juarez', their deaths increases the amount of males In comparison to females

Question 45

Explain why AIDS causes a gender imbalance

Answer 45

Cultural beliefs of polygamy (multiple wives) and agains contraception spread sexually transmitted infections. This means that more more contract AIDS and die. E.g. Swaziland views condoms as 'Un-Swazi' and have an annual reed dance for the king to find his next wife.

Question 46

Explain why governmental policies causes a gender imbalance

Answer 46

Certain government policies reduce the benefit of having a certain gender child. This means they are often aborted/killed in hope of getting another child the desirable gender. E.g. China's one child policy sets a demand for male offspring to have a working male providing/caring for their parents as they reach their elderly stage.

Question 47

Why do refugees and asylum seekers enter countries with developed economies? (4)

Answer 47

Economic hardship - Trade in primary goods/no financial stability, E.g. Ivory Coast (Sells Cocoa beans) - Migrate to MEDC (E.g. Spain, demand for manual labour) to provide basics, food, water, etc. Persecution/Intolerance - Move to more accepting societies e.g. 1930s Nazi Party led to Jews leaving. Pulled to MEDCs (UK accepted over 10000) as stability of government/laws to prevent persecution Natural disasters - a Destruction of homes/Loss of saved money/Disease (E.g. Philippines typhoon 2013 spread Cholera) Arranged marriages - Rich men in MEDCs go to LEDCs to marry young poor women. The women men move over to the MEDC to live with the men

Question 48

[Gender and the Demographic Transition] | Stage 2

Answer 48

Women regarded as mothers to children and have to care for high amounts of children (compensate for high infant/child mortality) Domesticated cooking role In Sub-Saharan Africa, women are the providers of agricultural labour E.g, Guinea Bissau -Women collect 90% of the water Women tend to be illiterate as little educational opportunities Depend on children for status/security

Question 49

[Gender and the Demographic Transition] | Stage 3

Answer 49

World dominance by men Women are cheap source of labour E.g. Asia, up to 50% of women provide agricultural labour RIC - food processing and textiles jobs Indirect education and employment increases skill set Women are relied on in factories

Question 50

[Gender and the Demographic Transition] | Gender 4

Answer 50

Women make up greater proportion of work force A degree of gender bias. Roles include: Secretary, Admin, Teachers, Waitresses, Retail etc, Almost a third of both genders have degree qualifications

Question 51

What issues are facing Swaziland's population?

Answer 51

High Birth Rates - 29.09 in 2011 and has fluctuated around 27 since 2004. This is due to polygamy, high infant mortality leading to overcompensation and cultural beliefs against contraception High Death Rates - Death rate of 30 in 2008. This has increased from 21 in 2003. The rates are high due to the spread of HIV. First case was reported in 1987. 26% of population have HIV. 0.25% of budget spent in epidemic because the king is greedy. Life expectancy has dropped from 57 to 31

Question 52

What has the government done to tackle this? (5)

Answer 52

Condoms widely distributed since the 1990s. Free condoms available at key locations such as border migration points. Abstinence (Ban all girls under 18 from sexual activity for 5 years) Any man who has sex with a virgin has to pay a cow to her family Antenatal care offered, voluntary HIV testing, free nevirapine. Attitudes gradually changing towards being tested but coverage isn't sufficient

Question 53

How successful have these initiates been? (4)

Answer 53

Not very: Condoms are unpopular and controversial ["unswazi"] King broke policy and became engaged to a 17 year old girl who he married in September 2013 - hypocrite Blame females for the spread of HIV HIV positive people are rejected by their families

Question 54

What countries have high death rates?

Answer 54

Countries at stage 2/3 of DT, e.g. Sierra Leone (20 per 1000) with poor health care Countries suffering from AIDS (37 in Swaziland) Countries at war (Israel/Palestine) Stage five countries e.g. Germany (10) due to diseases of affluence

Question 55

Policies to tackle high mortality rate (6)

Answer 55

Improving economic structures such as more employment and pension schemes Encouraging high birth birth rates to combat the dependency ratio issue Better general healthcare Specific health care policies associated with STIs Education regarding smoking/alcohol Providing more care for the elderly

Question 56

Dealing with an ageing society (4)

Answer 56

UK- sixth months paid leave, option of further six months unpaid New fathers get 2 weeks paternity leave Govt. offers free early education places Parents with children under age of 6 potentially can get more flexible working hours Italy- One time €1000 to couples who have a second child Parliament proposal paying women not to have abortions has gained support Sweden/Norway- Each parent is entitled to 18 months paid leave. Public day care available Flexible work schedules Lower work hours for women with children of pre-school age 12 months off work with 80% pay or 10 months full pay Fathers must have at least four weeks leave or else leave is lost Leave is tax financed Fathers are entitled to take almost all of the leave Germany- 14 Weeks maternity leave plus parental leave of up to 36 Tax breaks to families with children Suggested eliminating fees for kindergarten