G451

Question 0

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 0

How researchers interpretation things, this is highly reliable if all researchers overview the data or one researcher

Question 1

What is reliability?

Answer 1

Keeping things the same, consistency e.g. All participants were woken by a doorbell

Question 2

What is a re-test?

Answer 2

A second test, where if participants respond in the same way as the other test, shows reliability

Question 3

What is correlation coefficient?

Answer 3

A measure of strength of correlation between 0-1, 1 meaning a strong correlation and therefore better reliability

Question 4

What indicates to reliability on a graph?

Answer 4

The scatter of points, the closer to a straight line, the more reliable

Question 5

Strengths and weaknesses of the reliability in self reports (questionnaires and interviews)

Answer 5

+ in structured interviews or questionnaires the same questions are asked
+ inconsistent structured interviews and questionnaires can be assessed for inconsistent answers and they can be removed
- open question can cause low inter-rater reliability as they can be interprets red differently
- people can interpret rating scales differently
- un/semistructured interviews can ask people different questions

Question 6

Strengths and weaknesses of validity in self report

Answer 6

+ in questionnaire responses might be more truthful, especially if there responses are more personal or socially sensitive (less social desirability)
+ in semi/unstructured interviews more unexpected information can be obtained forming more insightful and accurate conclusions
- in questionnaires there may be response bias for example always ticking the same box
- an interviewer may cause the participant to lie due to social desirability bias or demand characteristics

Question 7

What are the four types of question, their strengths/weaknesses and give an example of each?

Answer 7

Closed:
Are you happy - yes/no
Fast, easy, quantitative, lacks insight, lacks complexity
Open:
What makes you happy?
Long/hard to answer, insightful, can be complex, qualitative
Rating scale:
How happy are you on a scale of 1-10
(10 being happiest, 1 being suicidal)
Fast, easy, quantitative, lacks insight, lacks complexity
Likert scale:
How happy are you?
Very/happy/neutral/sad/suicidal
Fast, easy, quantitative, lacks insight, can be used for opinions

Question 8

What are the three types of interview and their strengths/weaknesses

Answer 8

Structured:
High reliability, can be retested, lacks insight, higher inter-reliability, faster
Unstructured/semistructured:
Insightful, lower inter-reliability, harder to retest, longer

Question 9

What is validity?

Answer 9

Validity is how accurate a design is, for example how close an answer is to the truth

Question 10

What is internal validity?

Answer 10

Refers to the test used. Whether the IVs are effecting the DV or sources of error, formed from face validity and concurrent validity

Question 11

What is face validity?

Answer 11

Whether a measure appears to test what it claims - contributing towards inter reliability

Question 12

What is concurrent validity?

Answer 12

Whether a test will produce similar results for an individual compared to another test which assesses the same phenomenon - part of internal validity

Question 13

What is external validity?

Answer 13

Validity outside the experiment, due to extraneous variables and ecological validity

Question 14

What is ecological validity?

Answer 14

How close something is to a real life situation

Question 15

What is structured observation?

Answer 15

Type of observation which involves categories, types of behaviour to look out for, for example a behavioural checklist in structured. This means the behaviour must be observable not inferred. Smiling not being happy.

Question 16

What are the two types of participant observation and what are their strengths/weaknesses?

Answer 16

Participant - observer will be part of the social setting
+ being involved can produce real insight into participants behaviours
- it is hard to record data accurately when engaged with a group
- being involved in a social group can make a participant bias/subjective

Non-participant - observer will not be part of the social setting
+ it is easier to observe and record accurate findings making it more valid
- you don’t gain the insight of being close to participants witnessing subtle behaviour lacking validity