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Gross Anatomy > GA Exam 3 > Flashcards

GA Exam 3 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Primary Vertebral Curvatures – concave

A

-Thoracic
-Sacral
(on old ladys)

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2
Q

Secondary Vertebral Curvatures - convex (developed)

A

-Cervical
-Lumbar
(on pregnant women)

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3
Q

Extrinsic - innervated by ?
Superficial layer (2) ??
Intermediate layer (1) ?

A

Innervated by: Ventral rami

Superficial:
-Trapezius
-Latissimus Dorsi

Intermediate:
-Serratus posterior

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4
Q

Intrinsic (deep back muscles) - innervated by ?
Superficial layer (1) ?
Middle layer (1) ?
Deep layer (1) ?

A

Innervated by: Dorsal rami
Superficial: Splendid capitals
Middle: Erector spinae
Deep: Transversospinalis

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5
Q

Working unilaterally

A

Lateral flexion or rotation

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6
Q

Working bilaterally

A

Extension

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7
Q

Longitudinal ligaments ant & post

A

Allow flexion & extension while keeping vertebrae aligned

Ant: limits extension
Post: prevents hyperflexion

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8
Q

Nucleus Pulposus? Function?

A

gel like structure at center. Accounts for much of the strength & flexibility

(Can do a herniated disc, posterolaterally)

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9
Q

Annulus Fibrosus

A

ring shaped disc of fibrous connective tissue (collagen)that surrounds nucleus pulposus

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10
Q

Which ribs are true and which ribs are false?

A

True: 1-7
False: 8-12

Floating:11-12

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11
Q

Intercostal veins

A

drain each space

  • Anterior & posterior pattern similar to arteries
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12
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries

Posterior intercostal arteries

A

Anterior:
* Upper spaces off internal thoracic a.
– Int. thoracic a. divides at 6th ICS into superior epigastric & musculophrenic aa.
* Lower spaces off musculophrenic a.

Posterior: (larger)
* Off descending aorta
* Upper two ICS from supreme intercostal a. from costococervical trunk off subclavian a.

They anastomose at anterior axillary line

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13
Q

Intercostal nerve

A

ventral rami of thoracic spinal n. (T1-12)

T12 is subcostal n.

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14
Q

Inspiration

A
  • Increases volume and diameter of thoracic cavity
  • Draws air into lungs
  • Contraction of the thoracic diaphragm increases vertical dimension
  • Contraction of intercostal mm. increases transverse and ant-post dimension
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15
Q

Expiration

A
  • Decreases volume and increases intrathoracic pressure
  • Relaxation of intercostal mm. and thoracic
    diaphragm
  • Intraabdominal pressure also decreases
  • Allow for the elastic recoil of the lungs
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16
Q

Pulmonary cavities:

Mediastinum:

Parietal pleura:

Visceral pleura:

Pleural cavity:

A

Pulmonary cavities:
- 2 individual compartments containing lungs and pleurae

Mediastinum:
- 1 central compartment containing all other thoracic structures
- Separates pulmonary cavities from each other

Parietal pleura: outermost
- lines inner surface of each pulmonary cavity
- Can be dissected away from peripheral structures
- produces serous fluid

Visceral pleura: innermost
- completely invests lungs
- Cannot be dissected away
-shiny

Pleural cavity:
- space between parietal and visceral pleurae
- Pleurae are continuous
with each other at the root
of the lung
* Contents: serous fluid lubricates pleural
linings & surface tension

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17
Q

Subdivisions of parietal pleura

A
  • Cervical
  • Costal
  • Diaphragmatic
  • Mediastinal
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18
Q

Parietal pleura: Innervation

A

Costal and peripheral diaphragmatic pleurae – intercostal nn.

Mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleurae – phrenic n.

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19
Q

Visceral pleura: Innervation

A

visceral afferents/sensory (run with sympathetics)

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20
Q

Pneumothorax:
Hemothorax:
Hydrothorax:

  • All may result in a collapsed lung
A

Pneumothorax: AIR
* Entry of air into the pleural cavity
* Open – Penetrating injury to the parietal pleura
* Closed – Air leakage from damage to
respiratory system itself

Hemothorax: BLOOD
* Accumulation of blood in the
pleural cavity (rib puncture)

Hydrothorax: FLUID
* Accumulation of fluid in pleural
cavity

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21
Q

Hilum: location? function?
Root: formation?

A

Hilum:
* Location: depression on medial
surface of lung
* Function: entrance and exit for
root structures

Root:
* Formation:
-Bronchi
-Pulmonary a. and vv
-Bronchial aa. and vv.,
-Anterior and posterior pulmonary
plexuses
-Lymphatics
* Pulmonary l.: extends inferiorly
from root

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22
Q

Pericardium: Location? Function? Types?

A

Location: surrounds heart
Function: protection, stabilization, secretes Serous Fuid for friction-free movement
Types: Parietal (fibrous, serous) & Visceral

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23
Q

Fibrous Parietal Pericardium

Attachments?

A
  • outermost layer of pericardium
  • tough
  • not elastic (fluid can get stuck)

Attachments:
* Continuous with central tendon of diaphragm and tunica adventitia of IVC
* Continuous superiorly with tunica adventitia of great vessels…
-Ascending aorta
-Pulmonary trunk
-SVC
-Pulmonary vv.

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24
Q

Serous Parietal Pericardium
location?
function?

Study These Flashcards
A

Location: Mesothelial lining on inner surface of fibrous parietal layer

Function: Secretes serous fluid

25
Visceral Pericardium (epicardium) location? point of reflection?
Location: * Covering on external surface of heart – fatty layer * Also serous in nature (secretes serous fluid) * Can vary in thickness Point of reflection: * Continuous with serous layer of parietal pericardium at root of great vessels
26
Pericardial Cavity location? contents? function?
Location: potential space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium Contents: serous fluid Function: facilitates frictionless movement of heart
27
Pericardial Sinuses - Oblique pericardial sinus? - Transverse pericardial sinus?
* Inside pericardial cavity Oblique pericardial sinus: Recess on posterior surface of heart, inferior to pulmonary vv. Transverse pericardial sinus: Passage posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, but anterior to SVC * Significance: Used to access great vessels for heart bypass
28
Pericardial Neurovascular Structures location? relationship to root of lung? Pericardiacophrenic a. origin? runs with? Phrenic n. origin? runs with? innervation?
Location: * Plane between fibrous pericardium and mediastinal pleura Relationship to root of lung: * Pass anterior to root of lung Pericardiacophrenic a.: * Origin: internal thoracic a. * Runs with phrenic n. Phrenic n.: * Origin: VPR C3-5 * Runs with pericardiacophrenic a. and v. * Innervates (motor & sensory) thoracic diaphragm
29
Superior Vena Cava Formation? Drains? Location? Termination?
Formation: * Union of right and left brachiocephalic vv. Drains: * All structures superior to thoracic diaphragm Exceptions: * Heart * Lungs Location: * Sits to the right of the aorta * In vertical line with IVC as they enter right atrium * Termination: * Empties into right atrium
30
Inferior Vena Cava Formation? Drains? Location? Termination?
Formation: * Union of right and left common iliac vv. Drains: * Lower limbs, abdomen, and abdominal viscera Location: * Sits to the right of the aorta Termination: * Empties into right atrium
31
Pulmonary Trunk Origin? Location? Branches? Ligamentum arteriosum? Landmark?
Origin: * Right ventricle Location: * Anterior and to the left of ascending aorta Branches: * Right and left pulmonary aa. Ligamentum arteriosum: * Circulatory modification between pulmonary trunk and aorta * Landmark where left recurrent laryngeal n. loops around aortic arch
32
Ascending Aorta Origin? Branches?
Origin: * Left ventricle * Extends to beginning of aortic arch Branches: * Right and left coronary aa.
33
Pulmonary veins
Origin: * Lungs Number: * 4 total * 2 right (inferior and superior) * 2 left (inferior and superior) * Almost horizontal as they enter left atrium Terminate: * Drain into left atrium
34
Heart: location? Apex?
- oriented obliquely behind sternum, 2/3 leftmost w apex left
35
Cardiac Skeleton composition? function?
Composition: * Four fibrous connective tissue rings * Surround four heart valves Functions: * Keep valves patent and from being overly distended * Attachment point for cusps * Separates atrial and ventricular mm. * electrical insulator * Allows them to contract independently
36
Heart Surfaces? (6)
Sternocostal (anterior) surface: * Formed primarily by right ventricle Diaphragmatic (inferior) surface: * Formed primarily by left ventricle * Small part by right ventricle Right pulmonary surface: * Formed primarily by right atrium Left pulmonary surface: * Formed primarly by left ventricle * Creates cardiac impression on left lung Base: * AKA posterior surface – sits opposite of apex * Primarily formed by left atrium * Location:Where SVC, IVC, and pulmonary vv. enter heart Apex: * Formed by left ventricle * Location: 9-10 cm left of midline at 5th intercostal space
37
Surface Features (3) location? contents?
Anterior interventricular groove (sulcus): * Location: between right and left ventricles on sternocostal surface * Contents: anterior interventricular a. and great cardiac v. Atrioventricular groove: * Location: junction between atria and ventricles * Contents: right and left coronary aa. and coronary sinus Posterior Interventricular Groove * Location: furrow between right and left ventricles on diaphragmatic surface * Contents: posterior interventricular a. and middle cardiac v.
38
Placenta:
* Site of O2 and nutrient exchange * Umbilical cord contents – umbilical v. and umbilical aa.
39
Umbilical v.:
* Carries O2 rich blood to IVC * Via ductus venosus – bypasses liver * IVC takes O2
40
Foramen ovale:
* Opening between right and left atria * Blood shunted from right atrium to left atrium * Blood then goes to left ventricle * Blood passes from right atrium to left atrium * Bypasses lungs (mother is oxygenating blood for fetus) After birth: * Normally closes with pressure changes * Becomes fossa ovalis Small patency: doesn’t close * 15-25% of adults Large patency: doesn’t close * May overload pulmonary circulation * Hypertrophy of right atrium and ventricle
41
Ductus arteriosus:
* Connects pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta * Also bypasses lungs * Blood passes from pulmonary a. to aorta via ductus arteriosus * Largely bypasses lungs After birth: * Normally constricts and later closes * Becomes ligamentum arteriosum Some causes of failed closure: patent * Preterm birth * Congenital heart issue Results: * High pressure aortic blood passes into pulmonary a. * Raises BP in pulmonary circulation * Pulmonary hypertension could lead to right-sided heart failure
42
Umbilical aa.:
* Branches of internal iliac aa. * Return low O2 blood to placenta for reoxygenation
43
Valvular Heart Diseases (2)
* Increased workload for heart * May be congenital or acquired Valvular stenosis (narrowing): * Failure of valve to open fully * Almost always a chronic process * Slows blood flow from the chamber * Can result in turbulence * “Heart Murmur” Valvular insufficiency (regurgitation): * Failure of valve to close completely * Scarring and contraction of cusps or rupture of cords * Cusps can be overly large or floppy * Can also result in heart murmur
44
Cardiac Plexus: contains? function?
* Conduction system modified by autonomic nervous system Contains: * Sympathetic * Parasympathetic * Visceral afferents also present Function: * Regulates rate and strength of contraction * Not required to initiate beat
45
Thymus: location? function?
Location: * Immediately posterior to manubrium * Anterosuperior to pericardium Function: * Primary lymphoid organ * T-lymphocyte development * involution after puberty (becomes fatty)
46
Brachiocephalic vv.: formed by? drains? terminates at?
Formation: * Formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian vv. * Left brachiocephalic v. is twice as long as the right Drain: * Blood from head, neck, and upper extremity Termination: * Unite to form the SVC
47
Superior Vena Cava: Formed by? additional vein superior to entry? terminates at?
Formation: * Union of R/L brachiocephalic vv. Azygos v.: * SVC receives azygos just superior to entry into pericardial sac * Arch of azygos passes superior to root of right lung Termination: * Drains to right atrium * Terminal part of SVC in middle mediastinum
48
Aortic Arch: branches? continuation?
- Begins at sternal angle anteriorly and ends at sternal angle posteriorly Branches: * Brachiocephalic trunk * Right common carotid a. * Right subclavian a. * Left common carotid a. * Left subclavian a. Continuation: * Becomes descending thoracic aorta
49
Trachea: origin? cartilage rings? trachealis m.?
Origin: * Begins at inferior border of cricoid cartilage * Sits anterior to the esophagus and to the right of midline Cartilage rings: * 16-20 C-shaped rings * Incomplete posteriorly Trachealis m.: * Smooth muscle that spans the gap posterior * Abuts esophagus * Trachea terminates at sternal angle (T4-T5) * Not found in posterior mediastinum
50
Esophagus: location? blood supply? esophageal hiatus? esophageal plexus?
* Fibromuscular tube from pharynx to stomach * Enters superior mediastinum between trachea and vertebrae * Flattened anteroposteriorly * Thoracic duct lies to the left side in the superior mediastinum * Enters posterior mediastinum inferior to aortic arch Location: * Between trachea and T1-4 vertebrae in superior mediastinum * Posterior to pericardium adjacent to T5-10 in posterior mediastinum Blood supply: * Esophageal aa. from descending thoracic aorta Esophageal hiatus: * T10 * Opening for esophagus to pass thru to go to stomach Esophageal plexus: * Formed by left and right vagal nn.
51
Right Vagus n. & Left Vagus n.: locations? what branches of each? Both: root of lung? Esophageal Plexuses?
Location: Right Vagus n. * Anterior to right subclavian a. * Gives rise to right recurrent laryngeal n. * Passes thru superior mediastinum to the right of the trachea Location: Left Vagus n. * Between left common carotid a. and left subclavian a. * Passes anterolaterally over aortic arch Left recurrent laryngeal n.: * Loops posteriorly around aortic arch, behind ligamentum arteriosum Root of the lung: * Both pass posterior to root of lung (now in posterior mediastinum) Esophageal Plexuses: * Left vagus n. – contributes to Anterior esophageal plexus * Right vagus n. – contributes to Posterior esophageal plexus
52
Vagal Trunks
Anterior vagal trunk: * Neurons from left vagus n. emerging from anterior esophageal plexus * On anterior surface of esophagus Posterior vagal trunk: * Neurons from right vagus n. emerging from posterior esophageal plexus * On posterior surface of esophagus
53
Phrenic nn.
Origin: * VPR C3-5 * function: Motor and sensory to thoracic diaphragm Right - sits to the right of the right brachiocephalic v. and the SVC Left – crosses the arch of the aorta; passes over the L vagus n . and the superior intercostal v. Path: * Both pass anterior to root of lung * Between mediastinal pleura and parietal pericardium * Runs with pericardiacophrenic a. and v.
54
Descending Thoracic Aorta: location? aortic hiatus? paired visceral branches? paired parietal branches?
Location: * Descends thru thorax on left side of T5-T12 * Displaces esophagus to right Aortic hiatus: * T12 * Behind thoracic diaphragm * where thoracic aorta becomes abdominal aorta Paired visceral branches: * Bronchial aa. Paired parietal branches: * Posterior intercostal aa. 3rd-11th intercostal spaces
55
Thoracic Duct: appearance? location? function? cisterna chyle? termination?
Appearance: * Small, thin-walled, and often “beaded” due to numerous valves Location: * Posterior to esophagus * Anterior to thoracic vertebrae * Between thoracic aorta and azygos v. Function: * Drains lymph from entire body except upper right quadrant and inferior lobe of left lung Cisterna chyle: * Origin of thoracic duct in abdomen at L1 * Enters thorax via aortic hiatus * Around T4 passes to the left Termination: * Typically drains into left venous angle * Junction of left subclavian and left internal jugular vv.
56
Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk
* Series of paravertebral ganglia * Linked by interganglionic rami Location: * Parallel vertebral column bilaterally * Continuous with cervical and lumbar sympathetic trunks Thoracic splanchnic nn.: * AKA abdominopelvic splanchnic nn. * Arise from sympathetic trunk ganglia * Preganglionic sympathetic fibers * Supply abdominal viscera inferior to the thoracic diaphragm
57
Thoracic Splanchnic nn.
Type of neurons: Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Greater thoracic splanchnic n.: T5-T9 Lesser thoracic splanchnic n.: T10-T11 Least thoracic splanchnic n.: T12
58
Control of ANS
1. Hypothalamus (HR, vasoconstriction, digestion, sweating) other: limbic system, Brain, Spinal Cord (reflexes) 2. Reflex Arcs - Mechanoreceptors: Baroreceptors -stimulated by stretch -regulated by negative feedback -maintain BP - Chemoreceptors: Carotid & Aortic Bodies -detect chemical changes (O2, CO2) -regulate respiratory activity -affects BP 3. Controlling Emotions -Desensitization, Biofeedback, Meditation, Imagery, Pet therapy

Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

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