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TRI 1 - GA > GA Unit 1 > Flashcards

GA Unit 1 Flashcards

(135 cards)

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1
Q

What are the planes of movement (4)

A

Sagittal
(Medial)
Frontal
Transverse

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2
Q

What are the 3 axis of movement, describe where they are in space

A

Longitudinal - up and down
Sagittal - front to back
Frontal - left to right

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3
Q

What are the systems in systemic anatomy

A 
Digestive
Reproductive
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Urinary
Respiratory
Endocrine
Nervous
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4
Q

What does “cranial” mean

A

towards the head

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5
Q

what does “caudal” mean

A

toward the feet

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6
Q

what does “rostral” mean

A

anterior

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7
Q

What does “dorsum” mean

A

superior aspect of any anteriorly protruding aspect of anatomy

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8
Q

when the thumb and pinky touch, when they return to neutral

A

opposition

reposition

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9
Q

define protrusion and retrusion

A

anterior and posterior movement

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10
Q

define protraction and retraction

A

anterolateral and posteromedial movements of the scapula

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11
Q

What is a congenital anomaly

A

a birth defect

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12
Q

what functions does skin provide (5)

A 
protection
containment
thermal regulation
sensation
synthesis and storage of vitamin D
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13
Q

what are the 4 layers of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
deep fascia

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14
Q

what are the four types of burns

A

superficial
partial thickness
full thickness
4th degree

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15
Q

what is fascia

A

wrapping, packaging and insulating tissues of the deep structures of the body

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16
Q

what is deep fascia

A

deep dense organized tissue layer devoid of fat that runs parallel to skin

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17
Q

what is investing fascia

A

fascia that may invest (become sheaths for) deeper structures

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18
Q

what is a fascial compartment

A

compartments of fascia that house muscles with similar function and nerve supply

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19
Q

what is an intermuscular septa

A

fascia that separates a fascicle compartment

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20
Q

What is a retinaculum

A

fascia that holds tendons in place and prevents them from bow stringing

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21
Q

what is subserous fascia

A

fascia that lie between body cavities and internal surfaces of musculoskeletal walls

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22
Q

what is a bursae and what is it made of

A

sack that lubricates a joint, serous membrane

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23
Q

what is a subcutaneous bursae

A

bursa that allows movement between skin and bony prominences

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24
Q

where are subfascial bursae

A

beneath deep fascia

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25
what do subtendinous bursae do
facilitate movement of tendons over bone
26
what is a synovial tendon sheath and what is its purpose
elongated bursae that wrap around bursae as they traverse osseofibrous tunnels
27
when a bursa surrounds an organ cavity what are the two layers of bursa called
visceral | parietal
28
describe the axial and appendicular skeletons
Axial - head neck and trunk | appendicular - limbs including shoulder girdle and pelvis
29
what is cartilage
resilient and semirigid tissue found where flexibility is requiered
30
what type of cartilage is found on an articulating surface of a bone
articulating cartilage
31
what 5 functions do bones provide
``` support protection basis for movement storage for salts blood cell supply ```
32
what is the periosteum
fibrous tissue all non articulating surfaces of bone
33
what is the perichondrium
fibrous tissue that covers articulating surfaces of bone
34
what are the two types of bone tissue
compact | spongy (trabecular)
35
what is a spicule
the trabeculae that make up the spongy part of spongy bone
36
what is a bone crest
ridge of bone
37
what is a bone epicondyle
superior or adjacent to a condyle
38
what is a bone body
principal mass of bone
39
what is a bone capitulum
small round articular head
40
what is a bone condyle
knuckle like articular area
41
what is a bone facet
smooth flat area where bones articulate
42
what is a bone foramen
passage through a bone
43
what is a bone fossa
hollow or depressed are
44
what is a bone head
large round articular end
45
what is a bone groove
elongated depression
46
what is a bone line
linear elevation or ridge
47
what is a bone malleolus
rounded process
48
what is a bone neck
narrow portion proximal to the head
49
what is a bone notch
indentation at the end of a bone
50
what is a bone process
extension or projection with a particular purpose
51
what is a bone protuberance
bulge or projection
52
what is a bone shaft
body of a long bone
53
what is a bone spine
thorn like process
54
trochanter
large blunt elevation
55
what is a bone trochlea
spool like articular process that acts like a pully
56
what is a bone tubercle
small raised eminence
57
what is a bone tuberosity
large rounded elevation
58
describe intramembranous ossification
membranous bone formation, mesenchymal models
59
describe endochondral ossification
cartilaginous bone formation
60
primary ossification center
the point from which ossification of the whole bone begins
61
what is the diaphysis
shaft of bone ossified from primary ossification center
62
what is the secondary ossification center
secondary sites of bone ossification
63
what is the epiphysis
regions of secondary bone ossification
64
what is the metaphysis
flared out part of diaphysis near epiphysis
65
what are epiphyseal plates
growth plates at the end of bone
66
what are epiphyseal lines
seam formed when epiphysis fully ossifies
67
what are nutrient arteries and what do they travel through
they are blood vessels that enter bone | through nutrient foramina
68
what are Haversian systems and Volkman's canals
osteons that conduct blood to osteocytes
69
what is a periosteal nerve
nerve that innervates the periosteum
70
what is a vasomotor nerve
nerve that regulates blood flow in the bone via vaso constriction and dilation
71
what is an accessory bone
a bone that develops away from main bone structure, commonly found in the foot
72
what is a heterotopic bone
bone that develops in a soft tissue after blood calcifies
73
what is the collar of callus
collagenous tissue that surrounds a bone fracture and holds it in place while it heals
74
what is a sternal puncture
bone harvesting method performed on the sternum
75
what is the difference between diarthrosis and synarthrosis joints
diarthrosis - movable | synarthrosis - not movable
76
what are some characteristics of a synovial joint
united by a joint capsule, surrounded by synovial membrane that is filled with synovial fluid
77
what are the three types of joints
synovial fibrous cartilaginous
78
what are some characteristics of a fibrous joint
united by fibrous tissue, partially movable
79
what is a syndemosis
type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue
80
what is a dento-alveolar syndesmosis
fibrous joint where a peg occupies a hole, like for teeth
81
what are some characteristics of a cartilaginous joint
united by hyaline or articulating cartilage
82
what are primary and secondary cartilaginous joints
primary - hyaline cartilage, slight bending in early life secondary - fibrocartilage, strong and slightly movable
83
what is an accessory ligament
ligaments that reinforce synovial joints, either extrinsic or intrinsic
84
what are the 6 types of joints and an example of each
``` plain - acromioclavicular hinge - elbow saddle -base of the thumb condyloid - knuckle joints ball and socket - hip pivot - dens of the axis ```
85
what are articular arteries, veins and nerves
arteries - how joints receive blood veins - accompany arteries nerves - supply proprioceptive impulses to efferent pathways
86
what is Hilton's law
nerves that supply a joint also supply muscles of that joint as well as the skin over distal attachments
87
what is the length of a skeletal muscle
distance between its attachment points
88
what is an aponeuroses
a flat sheet of tendon that anchors flat muscles
89
what are the 7 muscle types and what is an example of each
flat - external oblique pennate - single (extensor digitorum longus) double (rectus femoris) multi (deltoid) fusiform - biceps convergent - pec major quadrate - rectus abdominis circular or sphincter - orbicularis oculi multiheaded - biceps or triceps
90
what is the origin and insertion
origin - proximal, remains fixed | insertion - distal moves
91
what is reflexive muscle contraction and some examples
involuntary movement, stretch flex response, breathing
92
what is tonic contraction and its function
passive contraction, tone and stability
93
what is phasic contraction and its three types
normal contraction, concentric eccentric, isometric
94
what is the prime mover
main muscle in a particular movement
95
what is a fixator
helps movement by steadying proximal parts of the limb
96
what is a synergist
helps prime mover in some way, potentially multiple
97
what is an antagonist
oppose the action of a prime mover
98
where do muscles get their blood supply
all arteries in its vicinity
99
what is pulmonary circulation
right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium
100
what is systemic circulation
left ventricle to right atrium
101
what are the three layers of blood vessels and their structure
tunica intima - flat endothelium tunica media - smooth muscle tunica adventitia - outer sheath
102
describe a large elastic artery
they receive the brunt of the cardiac output and flex to handle the load
103
describe a medium muscular artery
vasoconstrict and vasodilate to control blood flow
104
describe small arteries and arterioles
they have narrow Lumina and thick muscular walls
105
what is an anastosome
communication between branches of an artery
106
what is a collateral circulation
alternate blood pathway that ensures blood supply distal to a blockage
107
what is a true terminal artery
an artery where it is impossible to provide collateral circulation, "the end of the line"
108
describe veins
return blood to the heart low pressure
109
what is an accompanying vein
accompany deep arteries and surround them to warm venous blood as it returns to the heart
110
what is a venule and what does it do
smallest vein, drains capillaries
111
what is a venous plexus
a network of veins found when they unite
112
what do medium veins drain and what special characteristic do they posses
venous plexus, venous valves to aid in blood return to the heart
113
how are large veins characterized
wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle
114
what is the % distribution of blood in arteries vs vains
20% in arteries 80% in veins
115
what is an arteriovenular anastosome and what function does it serve
a passage for blood directly from an artery to a vein without a capillary bed, thermal conservation
116
what is a portal venous system
venous system linking two capillary beds
117
describe the function of the lymphoid system
overflow system for leaked plasma, extra tissue and proteins to drain into the bloodstream
118
what is a lymphatic plexus
highly permeable lymphatic capillaries found in extracellular places of must tissue
119
what is a lymphatic vessel
thin walled vessels with valve that drain lymph from lymphatic capillaries
120
describe lymphatic trunks
large collection vessels that receive lymph from multiple lymphatic vessels
121
describe lymph
clear, watery, slightly yellow liquid conducted by the lymphatic system
122
describe lymph nodes
small filters located along lymphatic vessels
123
what is a lymphocyte
immune cells that react against foreign materials
124
what is a lymphoid organ, what are some examples
parts of the body that produce lymphocytes, thymus, red bone marrow, spleen
125
describe superficial lymphatic vessels
more numerous than veins subcutaneously, follow venous drainage
126
describe deep lymphatic vessels
accompany arteries, drain lymph from internal organs
127
what is the right lymphatic duct
structure that drains lymph from upper right quadrant of the body at the right venous angle
128
what is the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system
drains lymph from all but the upper right quadrant at the left venous angle
129
What are the two ways to divide the nervous system
central vs peripheral | autonomic vs somatic
130
what is the functional and structural unit of the nervous system
neuron
131
What are the two types of neurons that comprise the majority of the nervous system
Multipolar motor neurons | pseudounipolar sensory neurons
132
What is s neuroglia
type of cell in the nervous system that is non neural bus serves some other purpose, like support or nourishment
133
what is a neural tract
connection between two nucleuses in the cerebral cortex
134
what are the three bundles of connective tissue that insulate a nerve and describe them
endoneurium - surrounds nerve axons perineurium - encloses fascicle of nerve axons epineurium - surrounds bundles of fascicles and contains blood vessels
135
what is a ganglion
a collection of nerve cells outside of the CNS

TRI 1 - GA (3 decks)

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