Gait

Question 1

Average degree of toe out

Answer 1

7 degrees

Question 2

Average Cadence

Answer 2

110-120 steps per minute

Question 3

Average step length

Answer 3

28 inches

Question 4

Average stride length

Answer 4

56 inches

Question 5

Average Gait Speed

Answer 5

1.4 m/s

Question 6

Equation for Gait Speed

Answer 6

Step Rate x Step Length= Gait Speed

Question 7

Antalgic Gait

Answer 7

protective gait pattern where the stance time on the involved limb is decreased due to pain.
Associated with a rapid swing phase on the uninvolved limb

Question 8

Ataxic Gait Pattern

Answer 8

characterized by staggering or unsteadiness usually with a wide base of support and movements are exaggerated.

Question 9

Cerebellar Gait

Answer 9

similar to ataxic gait but seen in cerebellar disease including wide BOS, unsteadiness, irregular steps and lateral veering.

Question 10

Circumduction

Answer 10

Characterized by a circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase this may be used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or dorsiflexion

Question 11

Double step

Answer 11

a gait pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or rate

Question 12

Equine

Answer 12

high steps, excessive activity of gascronemeus

Question 13

Festinating Gait

Answer 13

pt walks on toes a though pushed. Starts slowly increases and may continue until pt grabs an object in order to stop
Common in pD

Question 14

Hemiplegic Gait

Answer 14

pt abducts the paralyzed limb, swings it out and around and brings it forward so the foot comes in contact with the ground in front of them

Question 15

Spastic Gait

Answer 15

stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and drag: legs are held together hips and knee joints are slightly flexed
Common: spastic paraplegia and spastic diplegia CP

Question 16

Steppage Gait

Answer 16

feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights. Usually secondary to DF weakness.
Foot slap at IC and decreased control

Question 17

Tabetic Gait

Answer 17

High stepping ataxic gait pattern; where foot slap is heard

Question 18

Trendelenburg

Answer 18

denotes glute medius weakness; excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance limb

Question 19

Vaulting

Answer 19

swing leg advances by compensating through a combination of elevation over the pelvis and PF

Question 20

Foot Slap

Answer 20

DF Weakness
DF Paralysis

Question 21

Toe down instead of heel strike

Answer 21

PF contracture
PF spasticity
Weak DF
DF paralysis
Leg length Discrepancy
Heel pain

Question 22

Clawing of Toes

Answer 22

Toe Flexor Spasticity
Positive support Reflex

Question 23

No Toe off

Answer 23

Weak PF
Weak Toe flexors
Insufficient PF ROM
Forefoot toe pain

Question 24

Heel lift during midstance

Answer 24

Insufficient DF ROM
PF spasticity

Question 25

Exaggerated Knee Flexion at IC

Answer 25

Weak Quads Paralysis of Quads Hamsting Spasticity Insufficient Extension ROM

Question 26

Hyperextension in Stance

Answer 26

PF Contracture Compensation for Weak Quads

Question 27

Exaggerated knee flexion at Terminal Stance

Answer 27

Knee Flexion Contracture Hip Flexion Contracture

Question 28

Insufficient Flexion with Swing

Answer 28

Knee Effusion Quad Extension Spasticity PF Spasticity Insufficient Knee Flexor ROM

Question 29

Excessive Flexion with Swing

Answer 29

Flexor withdrawal Synergy LE flexor synergy

Question 30

Insufficient Hip Flexion at IC

Answer 30

Weak hip flexors Hip flexor paralysis Hip Extensor spasticity Insufficient Hip Flexion ROM

Question 31

Insufficient Hip Extension at Stance

Answer 31

Insufficient hip extension ROM Hip flexor contracture LE Flexor Synergy

Question 32

Circumduction during swing

Answer 32

Compensation for weak hip flexors Compensation for weak hamstrings Compensation for weak DF

Question 33

Hip Hike During Swing

Answer 33

Compensation for weak DF Compensation for weak Hamstrings Compensations for extensor synergy

Question 34

Exaggerated hip flexion during swing

Answer 34

LE flexor synergy Compensation for insufficient DF ROM

Question 35

Peak Muscle Activity For Ankle DF

Answer 35

Loading Response- Eccentric Control

Question 36

Peak Muscle Activity for Ankle PF

Answer 36

Terminal Stance- Concentric

Question 37

Peak Muscle Activity Knee Extensors

Answer 37

Loading Response- Eccentric

Question 38

Peak Muscle Activity Knee Flexors

Answer 38

Terminal Swing- Eccentric

Question 39

Peak Muscle Activity Hip Flexors

Answer 39

Pre Swing and Initial Swing- Concentric

Question 40

Peak Muscle Activity Hip Extensors

Answer 40

Loading Response- Concentric

Question 41

Initial Contact

Answer 41

Heel Contact

Question 42

Loading Response

Answer 42

Heel Rocker Controlled knee flexion Pelvic Stability

Question 43

Midstance

Answer 43

Pelvic stability Ankle Rocker (tibial advancement)

Question 44

Terminal Stance

Answer 44

Forefoot Rocker Hip Extension to 10 deg

Question 45

Pre-swing

Answer 45

Rapid ankle PF Passive knee flexion

Question 46

Initial Swing

Answer 46

Peak Knee flexion to 60 deg

Question 47

Mid Swing

Answer 47

Peak Hip Flexion to 30 Ankle DF to Neutral

Question 48

Terminal Swing

Answer 48

Knee Extension to Neutral

Question 49

ROM required for Hip Flexion

Answer 49

0-30

Question 50

ROM required for Hip Extension

Answer 50

0-10

Question 51

ROM required for Knee Flexion

Answer 51

0-60

Question 52

ROM required for Knee Extension

Answer 52

0

Question 53

ROM required for Ankle DF

Answer 53

0-10

Question 54

ROM required for Ankle PF

Answer 54

0-20

Question 55

What phases of gait are in weight acceptance

Answer 55

Initial contact loading response

Question 56

What phases of gait are in single limb support

Answer 56

mid stance Terminal stance

Question 57

What phases of gait are in swing limb advancement

Answer 57

pre swing initial swing mid swing terminal swing

Question 58

Which motion is most responsible for producing a rigid lever used in the toe off phase of gait? -Supination -Pronation -DF -Inversion

Answer 58

supination During supination, the calcaneus inverts, the head of the talus is pushed down and out, and relative to the calcaneus, the talus adducts and plantar flexes the subtalar joint. This motion provides a rigid lever used especially in the toe off phase of gait.

Question 59

Which of the following muscles would most likely contribute to hip hiking?

Answer 59

quadratus lumborum The origin and insertion of the quadratus lumborum allow the muscle to hike the hip. The muscle originates on the iliolumbar ligament and the iliac crest. The muscle inserts on the inferior border of the last rib and the transverse processes of the upper four lumbar vertebrae. Hip hiking is a compensatory response for weak hip and knee flexors, or extensor spasticity commonly seen in the swing phase.

Question 60

A patient who presents with a toe-in gait pattern as would most likely exhibit:

Answer 60

excessive femoral anteversion Toe-in gait, or pigeon-toed gait, is typically caused by a structural malalignment as opposed to muscular asymmetry. The typical bony malalignment associated with an in-toeing gait pattern is femoral anteversion or medial tibial torsion.

Question 61

A patient who presents with a toe-out gait pattern would most likely exhibit

Answer 61

excessive femoral retroversion

Question 62

Wadding (myopathic gait)

Answer 62

exaggerated lateral trunk movements and hip elevation caused by glute weakness Common in Muscular Dystrophy